56.Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gupima peteroli?
Ibikomoka kuri peteroli ni uruvange rugoye rugizwe na alkane, cycloalkane, hydrocarbone ya aromatiya, hydrocarbone idahagije hamwe na sulferi na okiside ya azote.Mu bipimo by’amazi meza, peteroli isobanurwa nkikimenyetso cyerekana uburozi nicyerekana ibyiyumvo byabantu kugirango birinde ubuzima bwamazi, kuko ibintu bya peteroli bigira ingaruka zikomeye mubuzima bwamazi.Iyo ibikubiye muri peteroli mu mazi biri hagati ya 0.01 na 0.1mg / L, bizabangamira kugaburira no kubyara ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi.Kubera iyo mpamvu, igihugu cyanjye cy’uburobyi bw’amazi y’uburobyi ntigomba kurenga 0,05 mg / L, ibipimo by’amazi yo kuhira imyaka ntibigomba kurenga 5.0 mg / L, kandi ibipimo by’isohoka ry’imyanda ya kabiri ntibigomba kurenga mg / L.Mubisanzwe, ibikomoka kuri peteroli yimyanda yinjira mumatara ntishobora kurenga 50mg / L.
Bitewe nuburyo bugoye hamwe nibintu bitandukanye bya peteroli, hamwe nimbogamizi muburyo bwo gusesengura, biragoye gushyiraho urwego ruhuriweho rukoreshwa mubice bitandukanye.Iyo amavuta arimo mumazi ari> 10 mg / L, uburyo bwa gravimetric burashobora gukoreshwa muguhitamo.Ikibi nuko imikorere igoye kandi amavuta yoroheje atakara byoroshye mugihe peteroli ether ihumeka ikuma.Iyo amavuta arimo mumazi ari 0.05 ~ 10 mg / L, fotometrike idakwirakwizwa, infrarafurike ya spekitifotometrie na ultraviolet spectrophotometrie irashobora gukoreshwa mugupima.Fotometrie idakwirakwira hamwe na fotora ya infragre ni ibipimo byigihugu mugupima peteroli.(GB / T16488-1996).UV spectrophotometrie ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gusesengura hydrocarbone ihumura kandi ifite ubumara.Yerekeza ku bintu bishobora gukururwa na peteroli ether kandi bifite ibimenyetso byo kwinjiza muburebure bwihariye.Ntabwo ikubiyemo ubwoko bwa peteroli bwose.
57. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwirinda gupima peteroli?
Umukozi wo kuvoma ukoreshwa na fotometrike ikwirakwiza hamwe na fotometrike ya infragre ni carbone tetrachloride cyangwa trichlorotrifluoroethane, naho umukozi wo kuvoma ukoreshwa nuburyo bwa gravimetric na ultraviolet spectrophotometrie ni peteroli ether.Ibikoresho byo kuvoma bifite uburozi kandi bigomba gukemurwa ubwitonzi no mumashanyarazi.
Amavuta asanzwe agomba kuba peteroli ether cyangwa karubone tetrachloride ikomoka kumyanda igomba gukurikiranwa.Rimwe na rimwe, ibindi bicuruzwa bisanzwe bizwi na peteroli birashobora gukoreshwa, cyangwa n-hexadecane, isooctane na benzene birashobora gukoreshwa ukurikije igipimo cya 65:25:10.Byakozwe ku kigereranyo cy'ijwi.Ether ya peteroli ikoreshwa mugukuramo amavuta asanzwe, gushushanya umurongo usanzwe wamavuta no gupima ingero zamazi yanduye bigomba kuba bivuye kumubare umwe, bitabaye ibyo amakosa atunganijwe azabaho kubera indangagaciro zitandukanye.
Icyitegererezo gitandukanye kirakenewe mugihe cyo gupima amavuta.Mubisanzwe, icupa ryikirahure kinini ryakoreshejwe kumacupa y'icyitegererezo.Amacupa ya plastike ntagomba gukoreshwa, kandi icyitegererezo cyamazi ntigishobora kuzuza icupa ryicyitegererezo, kandi hagomba kubaho icyuho.Niba icyitegererezo cyamazi kidashobora gusesengurwa kumunsi umwe, aside hydrochloric cyangwa aside sulfurike irashobora kongerwamo kugirango pH igire agaciro<2 to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, and stored in a 4oc refrigerator. piston on separatory funnel cannot be coated with oily grease such as vaseline.
58. Ni ibihe bipimo byerekana ubuziranenge bw’amazi ku byuma bisanzwe biremereye hamwe n’ibinyabuzima bidafite ubumara bwangiza kandi byangiza?
Ibyuma bisanzwe biremereye hamwe nubumara butari ibyuma byangiza kandi byangiza mumazi cyane cyane harimo mercure, kadmium, chromium, gurş na sulfide, cyanide, fluoride, arsenic, selenium, nibindi. .ibipimo bifatika.Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe gukwirakwiza amazi mabi (GB 8978-1996) gifite amategeko akomeye ku bipimo by’amazi y’amazi arimo ibyo bintu.
Ku bimera bitunganya imyanda ifite amazi yinjira arimo ibyo bintu, ibikubiye muri ibyo bintu bifite ubumara kandi byangiza mumazi yinjira hamwe n’isohoka ry’ikigega cya kabiri cy’ibimera bigomba gusuzumwa neza kugira ngo ibipimo bisohoka byuzuzwe.Bimaze kuvumburwa ko amazi yinjira cyangwa imyanda irenze igipimo gisanzwe, hagomba gufatwa ingamba zihuse kugirango imyanda igere ku gipimo cya vuba bishoboka mu gushimangira imyiteguro no guhindura ibipimo byo gutunganya imyanda.Mu gutunganya imyanda isanzwe ya kabiri, sulfide na cyanide nibyo bintu bibiri byerekana ubuziranenge bw’amazi y’ibinyabuzima bidafite ubumara bwangiza kandi byangiza.
59.Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa sulfide buboneka mumazi?
Ubwoko nyamukuru bwa sulferi ibaho mumazi ni sulfate, sulfide na sulfide kama.Muri byo, sulfide ifite uburyo butatu: H2S, HS- na S2-.Ingano ya buri fomu ifitanye isano na pH agaciro kamazi.Mugihe cya acide Iyo agaciro ka pH karenze 8, ibaho cyane muburyo bwa H2S.Iyo pH agaciro karenze 8, ibaho cyane muburyo bwa HS- na S2-.Kumenya sulfide mumazi akenshi byerekana ko yanduye.Amazi yanduye ava mu nganda zimwe na zimwe, cyane cyane gutunganya peteroli, akenshi arimo sulfide runaka.Bitewe na bagiteri ya anaerobic, sulfate mumazi nayo irashobora kugabanuka kuri sulfide.
Ibicuruzwa bya sulfide biva mu bice bijyanye na sisitemu yo gutunganya imyanda bigomba gusesengurwa neza kugira ngo birinde ubumara bwa hydrogen sulfide.Cyane cyane kumazi yinjira nasohoka yikibice cya desulfurizasi, ibirimo sulfide byerekana neza ingaruka zurwego rwambuwe kandi ni ikimenyetso cyo kugenzura.Mu rwego rwo gukumira sulfide ikabije mu mazi y’amazi karemano, igipimo cy’amazi y’amazi y’igihugu mu rwego rwo hejuru giteganya ko sulfide itagomba kurenga 1.0mg / L.Iyo ukoresheje aerobic ya kabiri yo gutunganya imyanda, niba sulfide yibanze mumazi yinjira ari munsi ya 20mg / L, ikora Niba imikorere ya silige ari nziza kandi isigara isigaye isohoka mugihe, ibirimo sulfide mumazi yikigega cya kabiri cyamazi arashobora kugera ku gipimo.Ibicuruzwa bya sulfide biva mu kigega cya kabiri kigomba gukurikiranwa buri gihe kugira ngo harebwe niba imyanda yujuje ubuziranenge no kumenya uburyo bwo guhindura ibipimo ngenderwaho.
60. Ni ubuhe buryo bangahe bukoreshwa mu kumenya sulfide mu mazi?
Uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo kumenya sulfide iri mumazi harimo methylene yubururu bwa methylene yubururu, p-amino N, N dimethylaniline spectrophotometrie, uburyo bwa iodometric, uburyo bwa ion electrode, nibindi. Muri byo, uburyo bwo kugena sulfide yigihugu ni methylene yubururu bwa spekitifoto.Photometrie (GB / T16489-1996) hamwe n'amabara ataziguye (GB / T17133-1997).Imipaka yo kumenya ubu buryo bubiri ni 0.005mg / L na 0.004mg / l.Iyo icyitegererezo cyamazi kitavanze, Muri iki gihe, ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ni 0.7mg / L na 25mg / L.Ikigereranyo cya sulfide gipimwa na p-amino N, N dimethylaniline spectrophotometrie (CJ / T60–1999) ni 0.05 ~ 0.8mg / L.Kubwibyo, uburyo bwavuzwe haruguru bwerekana uburyo bukwiye bwo kumenya ibintu bike bya sulfide.Amazi.Iyo kwibumbira hamwe kwa sulfide mumazi mabi ari byinshi, uburyo bwa iyode (HJ / T60-2000 na CJ / T60–1999) burashobora gukoreshwa.Uburyo bwo gutahura uburyo bwa iyode ni 1 ~ 200mg / L.
Iyo icyitegererezo cyamazi kijimye, gifite amabara, cyangwa kirimo ibintu bigabanya ibintu nka SO32-, S2O32-, mercaptans, na thioethers, bizabangamira cyane gupima kandi bisaba kubanza gutandukana kugirango bikureho kwivanga.Uburyo bukoreshwa mbere yo gutandukana ni aside-gukuramo-gukuramo.Amategeko.Ihame ni uko nyuma y’icyitegererezo cy’amazi kimaze kuba aside, sulfide ibaho muri molekile ya H2S mu gisubizo cya aside, hanyuma igatwarwa na gaze, hanyuma ikinjizwa n’amazi yinjira, hanyuma ikapimwa.
Uburyo bwihariye ni ukubanza kongeramo EDTA kurugero rwamazi kugirango bigoranye kandi bihagarike ion nyinshi zicyuma (nka Cu2 +, Hg2 +, Ag +, Fe3 +) kugirango wirinde kwivanga guterwa nigisubizo hagati yibi byuma bya ion na sulfide;ongeramo kandi urugero rukwiye rwa hydroxylamine hydrochloride, ishobora gukumira neza ingaruka zo kugabanya okiside hagati yibintu bya okiside na sulfide mubitegererezo byamazi.Iyo uhuha H2S mumazi, igipimo cyo gukira kiri hejuru cyane hamwe no gukurura kuruta kutabyutsa.Igipimo cyo gukira cya sulfide kirashobora kugera 100% mugukurura iminota 15.Iyo igihe cyo kwiyambura gukurura kirenze iminota 20, igipimo cyo gukira kigabanuka gato.Kubwibyo, kwiyambura ubusanzwe bikorwa munsi yo gukurura kandi igihe cyo kwiyambura ni iminota 20.Iyo ubushyuhe bwo koga bwamazi ari 35-55oC, igipimo cya sulfide gishobora kugera 100%.Iyo ubushyuhe bwo koga bwamazi buri hejuru ya 65oC, igipimo cya sulfide kigabanuka gato.Kubwibyo, ubushyuhe bwiza bwo kwiyuhagira bwamazi bwatoranijwe kuba 35 kugeza 55oC.
61. Ni izihe ngamba zindi zo kwirinda sulfide?
⑴ Bitewe no guhungabana kwa sulfide mumazi, mugihe cyo gukusanya amazi, aho icyitegererezo ntigishobora guhumeka cyangwa gukangurwa cyane.Nyuma yo gukusanya, igisubizo cya zinc acetate kigomba kongerwaho mugihe kugirango kibe zinc sulfide ihagarikwa.Iyo icyitegererezo cy'amazi ari acide, umuti wa alkaline ugomba kongerwamo kugirango wirinde kurekura hydrogen sulfide.Iyo icyitegererezo cyamazi cyuzuye, icupa rigomba gufungwa no koherezwa muri laboratoire kugirango isesengurwe vuba bishoboka.
⑵ Nuburyo ki bwakoreshwa mubisesengura, icyitegererezo cyamazi kigomba kubanzirizwa kugirango gikureho kwivanga no kunoza urwego rwo gutahura.Kubaho kw'amabara, ibimera byahagaritswe, SO32-, S2O32-, mercaptans, thioethers nibindi bintu bigabanya bizagira ingaruka kubisubizo byisesengura.Uburyo bwo gukuraho kwivanga kwibi bintu birashobora gukoresha gutandukanya imvura, gutandukanya umwuka uhumeka, guhana ion, nibindi.
Amazi akoreshwa mukuyungurura no gutegura ibisubizo bya reagent ntashobora kuba arimo ion zicyuma kiremereye nka Cu2 + na Hg2 +, bitabaye ibyo ibisubizo byisesengura bizagabanuka bitewe no kubyara sulfide idashonga.Kubwibyo, ntukoreshe amazi yatoboye yabonetse mumashanyarazi.Nibyiza gukoresha amazi yimana.Cyangwa amazi yatoboye avuye mubirahure byose biracyariho.
ImilarMu buryo busa, umubare wibyuma biremereye bikubiye muri zinc acetate yo gukuramo ibisubizo nabyo bizagira ingaruka kubisubizo byo gupima.Urashobora kongeramo 1mL yumuteguro mushya 0.05mol / L sodium sulfide yumuti ugabanuka kugeza kuri 1L yumuti wa zinc acetate winjiza munsi yo kunyeganyega bihagije, hanyuma ukareka ikicara ijoro ryose., hanyuma kuzunguruka no kunyeganyega, hanyuma uyungurure hamwe nimyandikire yuzuye yuzuye yo kuyungurura impapuro, hanyuma ujugunye kuyungurura.Ibi birashobora gukuraho kwivanga kwicyuma kiremereye mugisubizo cyo kwinjiza.
SolutionSodium sulfide igisubizo gisanzwe ntigihungabana cyane.Hasi yibitekerezo, biroroshye guhinduka.Igomba gutegurwa no guhindurwa ako kanya mbere yo kuyikoresha.Ubuso bwa sodium sulfide kristal ikoreshwa mugutegura igisubizo gisanzwe akenshi kirimo sulfite, itera amakosa.Nibyiza gukoresha ibice binini bya kristu hanyuma ukabyuhagira vuba amazi kugirango ukureho sulfite mbere yo gupima.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-04-2023
