Ibikurikira nintangiriro yuburyo bwikizamini:
1. Gukurikirana ikoranabuhanga ryangiza ibidukikije
Iperereza ry’umwanda ry’amazi ritangirana na Hg, Cd, cyanide, fenol, Cr6 +, nibindi, kandi ibyinshi muri byo bipimwa na spekitifotometometrie.Mugihe ibikorwa byo kurengera ibidukikije byimbitse kandi serivisi zishinzwe gukurikirana zikomeje kwaguka, ibyiyumvo byukuri nukuri kuburyo bwo gusesengura ibintu ntibishobora kuzuza ibisabwa nubuyobozi bw’ibidukikije.Kubwibyo, ibikoresho bitandukanye byateye imbere kandi byoroshye cyane byisesengura nuburyo bwatejwe imbere byihuse.
1.Kwinjiza kwa atomike nuburyo bwa atome fluorescence
Flame atomic absorption, hydride atomic absorption, hamwe na grafite itanura ya atome iyinjizwamo ryagiye rikorwa uko ryakabaye, kandi rishobora kumenya ibintu byinshi byuma na ultra-trace byuma mumazi.
Igikoresho cya atome fluorescence cyatejwe imbere mugihugu cyanjye gishobora gupima icyarimwe ibice umunani, As, Sb, Bi, Ge, Sn, Se, Te, na Pb, mumazi.Isesengura ryibi bintu bikunda hydride bifite sensibilité nukuri hamwe na matrix nkeya.
2. Plasma yohereza ibyuka (ICP-AES)
Plasma yangiza imyuka ya sprometrike yateye imbere byihuse mumyaka yashize kandi yakoreshejwe muguhitamo icyarimwe ibice bya matrix mumazi meza, ibyuma na substrate mumazi mabi, nibintu byinshi mubitegererezo byibinyabuzima.Ibyiyumvo byayo kandi byukuri bihwanye nuburyo bwuburyo bwa flame atomic absorption, kandi burakora neza.Urushinge rumwe rushobora gupima ibintu 10 kugeza 30 icyarimwe.
3. Plasma yohereza imyuka ya sprometrike (ICP-MS)
Uburyo bwa ICP-MS nuburyo bwo gusesengura ibintu rusange ukoresheje ICP nkisoko ya ionisation.Ibyiyumvo byayo ni 2 kugeza kuri 3 byerekana ubunini burenze uburyo bwa ICP-AES.Cyane cyane iyo upimye ibintu bifite numero iri hejuru ya 100, ibyiyumvo byayo birenze imipaka yo gutahura.Hasi.Ubuyapani bwashyize ahagaragara uburyo bwa ICP-MS nkuburyo busanzwe bwo gusesengura kugirango hamenyekane Cr6 +, Cu, Pb, na Cd mumazi.
4. Ion chromatografiya
Ion chromatografiya nubuhanga bushya bwo gutandukanya no gupima anion hamwe na cations mumazi.Uburyo bufite uburyo bwiza bwo guhitamo no kumva.Ibice byinshi birashobora gupimirwa icyarimwe hamwe no guhitamo.Ikimenyetso cyerekana imiyoboro hamwe ninkingi yo gutandukanya anion irashobora gukoreshwa kugirango umenye F-, Cl-, Br-, SO32-, SO42-, H2PO4-, NO3-;inkingi yo gutandukanya inkingi irashobora gukoreshwa kugirango hamenyekane NH4 +, K +, Na +, Ca2 +, Mg2 +, nibindi, ukoresheje amashanyarazi yamashanyarazi Detector irashobora gupima I-, S2-, CN- hamwe nibintu bimwe na bimwe kama kama.
5. Spectrophotometry hamwe na tekinoroji yo gusesengura ibintu
Ubushakashatsi bwibintu bimwe na bimwe byunvikana kandi byatoranijwe cyane bya chromogenic reaction yo kugena spekitifotometometrike yo kumenya ibyuma bya ion hamwe nicyuma kitari ibyuma biracyakurura abantu.Spectrophotometry ifata igice kinini mugukurikirana bisanzwe.Birakwiye ko tumenya ko guhuza ubu buryo hamwe nubuhanga bwo gutera inshinge bishobora guhuza ibikorwa byinshi bya chimique nka distillation, gukuramo, kongeramo reagent zitandukanye, guhora kwijwi ryamabara no gupima.Nikoranabuhanga ryisesengura rya laboratoire kandi rikoreshwa cyane muri laboratoire.Ikoreshwa cyane muri sisitemu yo kugenzura ibyuma byikora kugirango ubuziranenge bwamazi.Ifite ibyiza byo gutoranya bike, ibisobanuro bihanitse, umuvuduko wisesengura byihuse, hamwe no kuzigama reagent, nibindi, bishobora kubohora abakora imirimo ivunanye yumubiri, nko gupima NO3-, NO2-, NH4 +, F-, CrO42-, Ca2 +, n'ibindi mu bwiza bw'amazi.Tekinoroji yo gutemba irahari.Detector ntishobora gukoresha spekitifotometrie gusa, ahubwo irashobora no kwinjiza atome, ion ihitamo electrode, nibindi.
6. Agaciro nisesengura ryimiterere
Umwanda ubaho muburyo butandukanye mubidukikije byamazi, kandi uburozi bwabwo bwibinyabuzima byo mumazi nabantu nabyo biratandukanye cyane.Kurugero, Cr6 + nuburozi burenze Cr3 +, As3 + ni uburozi kurenza As5 +, naho HgCl2 ni uburozi kuruta HgS.Ibipimo by’ubuziranenge bw’amazi no kugenzura biteganya kugena mercure yuzuye na alkyl mercure, chromium ya hexavalent hamwe na chromium yose, Fe3 + na Fe2 +, NH4 + -N, NO2 - N na NO3 - N.Imishinga imwe nimwe iteganya leta iyungurura.no gupima umubare wuzuye, nibindi. Mubushakashatsi bwibidukikije, kugirango dusobanukirwe nuburyo bwanduye n’amategeko yimuka n’impinduka, ntabwo ari ngombwa kwiga gusa no gusesengura imiterere ya valence adsorption hamwe n’ibintu bigoye by’ibinyabuzima, ariko kandi no kwiga okiside; no kugabanya uburyo bwibidukikije (nka nitrosation yibintu birimo azote)., nitrification cyangwa denitrification, nibindi) hamwe na methylation ya biologiya nibindi bibazo.Ibyuma biremereye bibaho muburyo bwa organic, nka alkyl gurş, alkyl tin, nibindi, kuri ubu byitabirwa cyane nabahanga mubidukikije.By'umwihariko, nyuma y amabati ya triphenyl, amabati ya tributyl, nibindi byashyizwe ku rutonde nk’abahagarika endocrine, kugenzura ibyuma biremereye kama Ikoranabuhanga ryisesengura riratera imbere byihuse.
2. Gukurikirana ikoranabuhanga ryangiza ibidukikije
1. Gukurikirana ibinyabuzima bitwara ogisijeni
Hariho ibipimo byinshi byuzuye byerekana umwanda w’amazi y’ibinyabuzima bitwara ogisijeni, nka indangamanota ya permanganate, CODCr, BOD5 (harimo no kugabanya ibintu bitangiza umubiri nka sulfide, NH4 + -N, NO2 - N na NO3 - N), ibinyabuzima byose bya karubone (TOC), gukoresha ogisijeni yose (TOD).Ibi bipimo bikunze gukoreshwa muguhashya ingaruka zo gutunganya amazi mabi no gusuzuma ubwiza bwamazi yo hejuru.Ibi bipimo bifite aho bihurira, ariko ibisobanuro byumubiri biratandukanye kandi biragoye gusimburana.Kuberako ibigize ibinyabuzima bitwara ogisijeni bitandukana nubwiza bwamazi, iri sano ntirisanzwe, ariko riratandukanye cyane.Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukurikirana ibi bipimo rimaze gukura, ariko abantu baracyashakisha ikoranabuhanga ryisesengura rishobora kwihuta, ryoroshye, rizigama igihe, kandi rihendutse.Kurugero, metero yihuta ya COD na mikorobe ya sensor yihuta ya BOD isanzwe ikoreshwa.
2. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukurikirana ibyuka bihumanya
Igenzura ry’imyanda ihumanya itangirira ahanini ku gukurikirana ibyiciro by’umwanda.Kuberako ibikoresho byoroshye, biroroshye gukora muri laboratoire rusange.Ku rundi ruhande, niba ibibazo bikomeye biboneka mugukurikirana ibyiciro, hashobora gukorwa ubundi buryo bwo kumenya no gusesengura ubwoko bumwebumwe bwibinyabuzima.Kurugero, mugihe ukurikiranye hydrocarbone ya adsorbable halogenated hydrocarbone (AOX) ugasanga AOX irenze igipimo, dushobora gukomeza gukoresha GC-ECD kugirango dukore isesengura ryimbitse kugirango twige ibivangwa na hydrocarubone ya halogene ihumanya, uko ari uburozi, aho umwanda uva, nibindi. Ibikoresho byo gukurikirana ibyuka bihumanya birimo: fenolike ihindagurika, nitrobenzene, aniline, amavuta yubutare, hydrocarbone ya adsorbable, nibindi. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gusesengura burahari kuriyi mishinga.
3. Isesengura ry’imyanda ihumanya
Isesengura ry’imyanda ihumanya irashobora kugabanywa muri VOC, isesengura S-VOC nisesengura ryibintu byihariye.Kwambura no gufata imitego GC-MS ikoreshwa mugupima ibinyabuzima bihindagurika (VOCs), no kuvoma amazi-amazi cyangwa gukuramo micro-ikomeye-icyiciro cya GC-MS bikoreshwa mugupima ibice kama-bihindagurika (S-VOCs), aribyo ni isesengura ryagutse.Koresha gazi chromatografiya kugirango utandukanye, ukoreshe flame ionisiyoneri (FID), icyuma gifata amashanyarazi (ECD), icyuma cya azote fosifore (NPD), icyuma gifotora (PID), nibindi kugirango umenye imyanda ihumanya itandukanye;koresha icyiciro cyamazi Chromatography (HPLC), detector ultraviolet (UV) cyangwa fluorescence detector (RF) kugirango umenye hydrocarbone ya polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbone, ketone, acide acide, fenol, nibindi.
4. Gukurikirana mu buryo bwikora hamwe na tekinoroji yo gukurikirana ibyuka bihumanya
Sisitemu yo kugenzura ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije ahanini ni ibintu bisanzwe bigenzurwa, nkubushyuhe bwamazi, ibara, kwibanda, ogisijeni yashonze, pH, ubwikorezi, indangagaciro ya permanganate, CODCr, azote yose, fosifore yose, azote ya amoniya, nibindi. Igihugu cyacu kirimo gushiraho amazi yikora sisitemu yo kugenzura ubuziranenge mubice bimwe na bimwe byingenzi bigenzurwa n’ubuziranenge bw’amazi no gutangaza raporo y’ubuziranenge bw’amazi buri cyumweru mu bitangazamakuru, bifite akamaro kanini mu guteza imbere ubwiza bw’amazi.
Mugihe cya "Gahunda ya cyenda yimyaka itanu" na "Gahunda yimyaka icumi yimyaka itanu", igihugu cyanjye kizagenzura kandi kigabanye imyuka yose ya CODCr, amavuta yubutare, cyanide, mercure, kadmium, arsenic, chromium (VI), hamwe na gurş, kandi birashobora gukenera gutsinda gahunda yimyaka itanu.Gusa dushyizeho ingufu nyinshi kugirango tugabanye imyanda yose iri munsi yubushobozi bwibidukikije byamazi dushobora guteza imbere byimazeyo ibidukikije byamazi tukayigeza kumiterere myiza.Kubera iyo mpamvu, inganda nini zihumanya ibidukikije zirasabwa gushyiraho imiyoboro isanzwe y’imyanda n’imiyoboro yo gupima imyanda, gushyiraho imiyoboro y’imyanda n’ibikoresho bikurikirana kuri interineti nka CODCr, ammonia, amavuta y’amabuye y'agaciro, na pH kugira ngo bigere ku gihe gikwiye cyo kugenzura imyanda y’imyanda kandi imyanda ihumanya.no kugenzura umubare wuzuye wanduye.
5 Gukurikirana byihuse ibyihutirwa by’amazi
Ibihumbi n’ibihumbi by’impanuka nini n’umwanda ziba buri mwaka, ibyo bikaba bitangiza ibidukikije n’ibidukikije gusa, ahubwo binangiza ubuzima bw’abantu n’umutekano w’umutungo ndetse n’imibereho myiza (nkuko byavuzwe haruguru).Uburyo bwo gutahura impanuka zanduye zirimo:
Method Uburyo bworoshye bwibikoresho byihuta: nka ogisijeni yashonze, metero pH, chromatografi ya gaze yikurura, metero ya FTIR ishobora gutwara, nibindi.
Tube Uburyo bwihuse bwo gutahura nuburyo bwo kumenya impapuro: nka H2S yo gutahura (impapuro zipimisha), umuyoboro wa CODCr wihuta, umuyoboro wibyuma biremereye, nibindi.
NKu rubuga-sample-laboratoire isesengura, nibindi
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-11-2024
