Fosifore yuzuye ni igipimo cyingenzi cy’ubuziranenge bw’amazi, kigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bidukikije by’ibinyabuzima by’amazi n’ubuzima bw’abantu. Fosifore yuzuye ni imwe mu ntungamubiri zikenewe mu mikurire y’ibimera na algae, ariko niba fosifore yose iri mu mazi ari ndende cyane, bizatuma eutrophasi y’umubiri w’amazi, byihutisha kubyara algae na bagiteri, bitera uburabyo bwa algal, kandi bigira ingaruka zikomeye kubidukikije byumubiri wamazi. Rimwe na rimwe, nk'amazi yo kunywa n'amazi yo koga, urugero rwa fosifore nyinshi zishobora kwangiza ubuzima bw'abantu, cyane cyane ku mpinja n'abagore batwite.
Inkomoko ya fosifore yose mumazi
(1) Guhumanya ubuhinzi
Guhumanya ubuhinzi ahanini biterwa no gukoresha cyane ifumbire mvaruganda, na fosifore mu ifumbire mvaruganda yinjira mu mazi binyuze mu mazi y’imvura cyangwa kuhira imyaka. Mubisanzwe, 10% -25% gusa yifumbire irashobora gukoreshwa nibihingwa, naho 75% -90% isigaye igasigara mubutaka. Nk’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere, 24% -71% bya fosifore mu mazi bituruka ku ifumbire mvaruganda, bityo umwanda wa fosifore mu mazi ahanini uterwa no kwimuka kwa fosifore mu butaka mu mazi. Dukurikije imibare, ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire ya fosifati muri rusange ni 10% -20% gusa. Gukoresha cyane ifumbire ya fosifeti ntibitera guta umutungo gusa, ahubwo binatera ifumbire mvaruganda ya fosifate ihumanya amasoko y'amazi binyuze mumazi atemba.
(2) imyanda yo mu ngo
Umwanda wo mu ngo urimo imyanda yubaka rusange, imyanda yo mu ngo ituye, hamwe n’imyanda iva mu nganda isohoka mu miyoboro. Inkomoko nyamukuru ya fosifore mu myanda yo mu ngo ni ugukoresha ibikoresho byo gukaraba birimo fosifore, imyanda y’abantu, n’imyanda yo mu ngo. Ibicuruzwa byo kumesa bikoresha cyane cyane sodium fosifate na fosifori ya polysodium, na fosifore yo mu mazi yinjira mu mazi y’amazi hamwe n’umwanda.
(3) Amazi mabi yinganda
Amazi mabi yinganda nimwe mubintu nyamukuru bitera fosifore irenze mumazi. Amazi mabi yinganda afite ibiranga imyanda ihumanya ikirere, ubwoko bwinshi bwanduye, bigoye kuyitesha agaciro, nibigize ibintu bigoye. Niba amazi mabi yinganda asohotse bitavuwe, bizatera ingaruka zikomeye kumubiri wamazi. Ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije n'ubuzima bw'abaturage.
Uburyo bwo gukuraho umwanda wa Fosifore
(1) Electrolysis
Binyuze mu ihame rya electrolysis, ibintu byangiza mumazi y’amazi bigira ingaruka zo kugabanuka hamwe na okiside kuri poli mbi kandi nziza, kandi ibintu byangiza bigahinduka mubintu bitagira ingaruka kugirango bigere ku ntego yo kweza amazi. Inzira ya electrolysis ifite ibyiza byo gukora neza, ibikoresho byoroshye, gukora byoroshye, gukuraho cyane, no gutunganya inganda; ntikeneye kongeramo coagulants, ibikoresho byoza nindi miti, irinda ingaruka kubidukikije, kandi igabanya ibiciro icyarimwe. Umubare muto wa shitingi uzakorwa. Nyamara, uburyo bwa electrolysis bukeneye gukoresha ingufu zamashanyarazi nibikoresho byibyuma, igiciro cyo gukora ni kinini, kubungabunga no gucunga biragoye, kandi ikibazo cyo gukoresha byimazeyo imyanda gikeneye ubundi bushakashatsi nigisubizo.
(2) Electrodialysis
Muburyo bwa electrodialysis, binyuze mubikorwa byumuriro wamashanyarazi wo hanze, anion na cations mubisubizo byamazi byimukira kuri anode na cathode, kuburyo ion yibanda hagati ya electrode igabanuka cyane, hamwe na ion yibanze hafi ya electrode iriyongera. Niba ion ihinduranya membrane yongeweho hagati ya electrode, gutandukana no kwibanda birashobora kugerwaho. intego ya. Itandukaniro riri hagati ya electrodialysis na electrolysis nuko nubwo voltage ya electrodialysis iri hejuru, ikigezweho ntabwo ari kinini, kidashobora gukomeza reaction ya redox ikenewe, mugihe electrolysis ihabanye. Tekinoroji ya Electrodialysis ifite ibyiza byo kudakenera imiti iyo ari yo yose, ibikoresho byoroshye hamwe nuburyo bwo guteranya, hamwe nibikorwa byoroshye. Icyakora, hari n'ingaruka zimwe na zimwe zigabanya imikoreshereze yazo, nko gukoresha ingufu nyinshi, ibisabwa cyane mu gufata amazi mabi, no gufata nabi imiti.
(3) Uburyo bwa Adsorption
Uburyo bwa adsorption nuburyo bwangiza imyanda imwe mumazi yamamaza kandi igashyirwaho nibintu bikomeye (adsorbents) kugirango ikureho umwanda mumazi. Mubisanzwe, uburyo bwa adsorption bugabanijwemo intambwe eshatu. Ubwa mbere, adsorbent ihura byuzuye namazi yanduye kugirango ibyuka bihindurwe; icya kabiri, gutandukanya adsorbent n'amazi mabi; icya gatatu, kuvugurura cyangwa kuvugurura adsorbent. Usibye gukoreshwa cyane na karubone ikora nka adsorbent, syntropique macroporous adsorption resin ikoreshwa cyane mugutunganya amazi adsorption. Uburyo bwa adsorption bufite ibyiza byo gukora byoroshye, ingaruka nziza zo kuvura no kuvura byihuse. Ariko, ikiguzi ni kinini, kandi ingaruka zo kwiyuzuza kwa adsorption zizagabanuka. Niba resin adsorption ikoreshwa, isesengura rirakenewe nyuma yo kwiyuzuza kwa adsorption, kandi isesengura ryimyanda iragoye kubyitwaramo.
(4) Uburyo bwo guhanahana Ion
Uburyo bwo guhana ion bukorwa nigikorwa cyo guhana ion, ion mumazi ihindurwamo fosifore mubintu bikomeye, kandi fosifore ikurwaho na resin ya anion, ishobora gukuraho vuba fosifore kandi ikagira uburyo bwiza bwo gukuraho fosifore. Nyamara, resin yo guhana ifite ibibi byuburozi bworoshye no kuvuka bushya.
(5) Uburyo bwo gutegera
Kurandura fosifore ukoresheje kristu ni ukongeramo ibintu bisa nubuso nuburyo bwa fosifate idashobora gushonga mumazi yanduye, gusenya imiterere yimiterere ya ion mumazi y’amazi, no kugwa kristu ya fosifate hejuru yikintu cya kirisiti nka nucleus, hanyuma hanyuma gutandukanya no gukuraho fosifore. Kalisiyumu irimo imyunyu ngugu irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byo korohereza ibintu, nk'urutare rwa fosifate, amagufwa ya char, slag, n'ibindi, muri byo harimo urutare rwa fosifate na char char. Ikiza umwanya hasi kandi byoroshye kugenzura, ariko ifite pH nyinshi zisabwa hamwe na calcium ion yibanze.
(6) Igishanga cyubukorikori
Gukuraho ibishanga bya fosifore byubatswe bihuza ibyiza byo kuvanaho fosifore yibinyabuzima, kuvanaho imiti ya fosifore, no gukuraho fosifore ya adsorption. Igabanya ibirimo fosifore binyuze mu kwinjiza ibinyabuzima no kubimenya, hamwe na substrate adsorption. Gukuraho fosifore ahanini binyuze muri substrate adsorption ya fosifore.
Muri make, uburyo bwavuzwe haruguru burashobora gukuraho fosifore mumazi yanduye byoroshye kandi byihuse, ariko byose bifite ibibi bimwe. Niba bumwe muburyo bukoreshwa bwonyine, porogaramu nyayo irashobora guhura nibibazo byinshi. Uburyo bwavuzwe haruguru burakwiriye muburyo bwo kwitegura cyangwa kuvura neza kuvanaho fosifore, kandi hamwe no kuvanaho fosifore yibinyabuzima bishobora kugera kubisubizo byiza.
Uburyo bwo Kumenya Fosifore Yuzuye
1. ibigo. Polyacide, kandi iyi ngingo irashobora kugabanywa na aside igabanya aside aside igabanya ubururu, ibyo twita molybdenum ubururu. Iyo ukoresheje ubu buryo mu gusesengura ingero z’amazi, hagomba gukoreshwa uburyo butandukanye bwo gusya ukurikije urugero rw’umwanda. Igogorwa rya potasiyumu persulfate muri rusange rigamije icyitegererezo cy’amazi gifite umwanda muke, kandi niba icyitegererezo cy’amazi cyanduye cyane, muri rusange kizagaragara mu buryo bwa ogisijeni nkeya, umunyu mwinshi w’ibyuma n’ibintu kama. Muri iki gihe, dukeneye gukoresha okiside Gukomera cyane. Nyuma yo gukomeza kunonosorwa no gutunganirwa, ukoresheje ubu buryo kugirango umenye ibirimo fosifore mu byitegererezo by’amazi ntibishobora kugabanya igihe cyo kugenzura gusa, ariko kandi bifite ubunyangamugayo buhanitse, ibyiyumvo byiza kandi ntarengwa byo gutahura. Uhereye kubigereranya byuzuye, ubu ni uburyo bwiza bwo kumenya.
2. Noneho koresha ammonium molybdate kugirango uhindure amabara, hanyuma ukoreshe colorimetry cyangwa spectrophotometrie kugirango upime ibyinjira kugirango ubare fosifore yuzuye.
3. Noneho koresha acide potassium dichromate kugirango ugabanye ion ya fosifate na potasiyumu dichromate mugihe cya acide kugirango ubyare Cr (III) na fosifate. Agaciro ko kwinjiza Cr (III) karapimwe, kandi ibiri muri fosifore byabazwe n'umurongo usanzwe.
4.
5. Chromatografi ya gazi: Fosifore yose murugero rwamazi iratandukanye kandi ikamenyekana na chromatografiya. Icyitegererezo cy’amazi cyabanje kubanza gukuramo ioni ya fosifate, hanyuma ivangwa rya acetonitrile-amazi (9: 1) ryakoreshejwe nkigisubizo cyo gukuramo inkingi mbere yinkingi, hanyuma amaherezo ya fosifore yose yagenwe na chromatografi ya gaze.
6. kubara ibirimo fosifore yose.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jul-06-2023
