Amazi niyo shingiro ryibintu kugirango ibinyabuzima byisi bibeho. Umutungo wamazi nuburyo bwibanze bwo gukomeza iterambere rirambye ryibidukikije byisi. Kubwibyo, kurinda umutungo wamazi ninshingano ikomeye kandi yera cyane yabantu. Muri iki gihe, amasoko menshi kandi menshi yanduye, kandi hariho amazi meza kandi make. Ibigo byinshi byatangiye gukoresha ibizamini byamazi. Uyu munsi, nzakumenyesha birambuye.
1. Guhuza ubuzima bw’umubiri n’ubwenge: Nyuma y’umwanda w’amazi, ukurikije amazi yo kunywa cyangwa urusobe rw’ibiribwa, umwanda winjira mu mubiri, bigatuma abantu bakara cyangwa uburozi. Arsenic, chromium, amonium, benzene (A), nibindi, birashobora kandi gutera syndrome ya kanseri. Amazi yandujwe no kwanduza ibidukikije kwandura virusi cyangwa izindi bagiteri zitera indwara zirashobora gutera indwara zitandukanye zanduza n'indwara za parasitike.
2. Ibyangiritse ku nganda zikora inganda: Nyuma y’ibidukikije by’amazi yanduye, amafaranga asabwa agomba gushorwa mu gutunganya imyanda y’inganda kugira ngo ikemure ikiguzi, bikavamo kwinezeza no gutakaza umutungo, ingufu n’ingufu. Inganda zirahagarara.
3. Kwangirika kwintungamubiri: Mubihe bisanzwe, ogisijeni irashonga mumazi. Oxygene ya ogisijeni ntabwo ari igipimo cy’ubuzima bwa mikorobe y’ibinyabuzima gusa, ahubwo ni iyandikwa rya ogisijeni kugira ngo igire uruhare mu myuka itandukanye ya okiside y’amazi mu mazi kandi itume ihinduka ry’imyanda ihumanya. Ni urufunguzo rw'amazi meza meza.
Hamwe niterambere ryiterambere ryimibereho, ikibazo cyumwanda wibidukikije kiragenda kigaragara. Kandi kuva ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya ISO14000 ryerekana ibicuruzwa, ibihugu byo ku isi byahise bishushanya inzira yo kugenzura no kugenzura, kandi imyumvire yo kurengera umutungo w’amazi yarushijeho gutera imbere.
1. Gukora amazi mabi:KOD, UMUBIRI, ammonia, fosifore yose, azote yose, fluoride, sulfide, ion ziremereye, anion yubutaka bukora, nibindi.
Amazi y’inganda zituruka mu nganda (Icyongereza: Amazi y’inganda) akubiyemo gukora amazi y’amazi n’umusaruro w’amazi y’amazi, ibyo bikaba bivuga amazi y’amazi n’amazi yatewe n’ibikorwa byose by’inganda. Muri yo Umwanda utera mugikorwa cyo gukora. Amazi asohoka mugikorwa cyo kubyaza umusaruro.
Ukurikije imiterere y’imyanda ihumanya y’amazi y’inganda zituruka mu nganda, igabanyijemo: amazi y’imyanda mibi yiganjemo imyanda ihumanya, amazi y’imyanda mvaruganda yiganjemo imyanda ihumanya ikirere, amazi y’imyanda ivanze, ibyuma biremereye birimo ibinyabuzima kama n’ibindi binyabuzima, hamwe n’imyanda idahwitse Imyanda. amazi arenze amazi asanzwe, amazi yanduye arimo ibintu bikora radio, hamwe no gukonjesha amazi azenguruka yanduye nubushyuhe. Kurugero, amazi yanduye yuburyo bwa electroplating water water and mineral production process ni amazi mabi, kandi amazi yanduye y'ibiribwa cyangwa gutunganya amavuta ni amazi mabi ya chimique.
Dukurikije ibicuruzwa by’inganda zikora n’ibikorwa byo gutunganya no gutunganya, birashobora kugabanywa mu gukora impapuro z’amazi y’inganda, amazi y’imyanda, amazi y’amazi, amazi y’ifumbire mvaruganda, amazi y’inganda ziva mu nganda, n’amazi atunganya amazi y’amazi.
Ibyingenzi byingenzi bihumanya mumazi mabi birashobora kugabanywamo amazi yanduye ya pH, amazi yanduye ya alkaline, fenol-irimo amazi y’amazi, chromium-irimo amazi y’amazi, amazi yanduye ya fosifore, n’amazi yangiza radio.
Gusa amazi yanduye murwego rusanzwe nyuma yo gutunganya amazi mabi no gutahura arashobora gusohorwa ahabigenewe. Birabujijwe gusohora ibirenze ibisanzwe no kubuza ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.
Icya kabiri, gutahura imyenda, ibiryo, gutura no gutwara amazi mabi: agaciro ka pH, CODCR, NH3-N, TP, SS, amavuta ya peteroli, amavuta yinyamanswa n’ibimera, nibindi.
Icya gatatu, kumenya amazi yo hejuru: pH agaciro, NH3-N, TP, SS, ogisijeni ikomoka ku binyabuzima, n'ibindi.
Ibidukikije bisanzwe byamazi yubutaka bwamazi no kubungabunga intego rusange ashyirwa mubyiciro bitanu ukurikije uburebure bukora. Ubwoko butanu bwamazi yubutaka bwamazi agabanijwemo ibyiciro bitanu byumushinga mushya wubuziranenge bwubuso bwamazi yo hejuru. Ubwoko buriwese ashyira mubikorwa ubwoko bwibipimo byagaciro. Indangagaciro ndende hamwe nubwoko buhanitse bukubiswe kuruta indangagaciro zerekana nubwoko buke bwamazi. Mu mazi amwe, hari ubwoko bwinshi bwimirimo ikoreshwa, kandi indangagaciro zerekana ihuza ubwoko bwimikorere zashyizwe mubikorwa. Kubungabunga ibikorwa byamazi nubwoko bwimikorere ni ibisobanuro bimwe.
Icya kane, kumenya amazi yo hejuru: amazi meza nuyobora amashanyarazi, ibyuma biremereye birenze ion nziza isanzwe, nibindi.
Umushinga mushya:
Aniline, formaldehyde yo mu nzu, kwiyuzuzamo, guhagarika ibintu, agaciro ka pH,iminsi 5 ya ogisijeni ikomoka kuri biohimiki (BOD5), indangagaciro ya permanganate, CODcr, fosifore yose, polyphosifate, chloride, arsenic yose, chromium ya hexavalent, chromium yuzuye, hydrogen cyanide, fenoline ihindagurika, amavuta y’inyamanswa n’ibimera, cationic surfactant, fer, manganese, nikel, fenol ihindagurika, ubushyuhe, ogisijeni yashonze, azote yose, umuringa, kadmium, zinc, gurş, nibindi
Akamaro ko kumenya neza amazi:
Umutekano w’amazi meza: Gukurikirana ubuziranenge bw’amazi birashobora kuvumbura igihe cyanduye n’ibintu byangiza bigaragara mu masoko y’amazi no mu miyoboro y’imiyoboro, bikarinda ubwiza bw’amazi kwanduza no guharanira ubuzima n’ubuzima bw’abaturage.
Gukurikirana ihumana ry’ibidukikije: Sitasiyo yo gukurikirana ubuziranenge bw’amazi ahantu hatandukanye igeragezwa ku bwoko butandukanye bw’ibintu bitandukanye by’amazi y’amazi nk’inzuzi n’ibiyaga, kandi bikerekana ko ihumana ry’amazi ryatewe n’isoko ry’amazi, inganda, n’ubuzima mu isoko y’amazi. ubuhinzi bwubutaka, inganda, nubuzima mugihe gikwiye.
Iteganyagihe ry’isoko ry’amazi: Binyuze mu kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’amazi, urashobora gusobanukirwa n’isuku iriho ubu, ibidukikije by’ibidukikije ndetse n’imyanda ihumanya y’ibinyabuzima by’amazi, hanyuma ugahanura imigendekere y’amasoko y’amazi kandi ukayobora iterambere n’imikoreshereze y’amazi.
Isuzuma n’ingaruka z’imiyoborere: Gukurikirana ubuziranenge bw’amazi birashobora kumva neza ingaruka z’umwanda w’imiyoborere n’ingaruka zabyo, kandi bigaha abakozi bashinzwe imicungire y’ibidukikije guhindura no kunoza gahunda y’imiyoborere n’ingamba mu gihe gikwiye kugira ngo imiyoborere igerweho.
Muri make, kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amazi, nk'ishingiro ryo guteza imbere no gukoresha umutungo w'amazi, bigira uruhare runini mu kurengera ibidukikije, kubungabunga umutungo no gukoresha, ndetse n'ubuzima bw'abaturage.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-01-2023
