Isesengura mu bimera bitunganya imyanda nuburyo bwingenzi bwo gukora. Ibisubizo by'isesengura nibyo shingiro ryo kugenzura imyanda. Kubwibyo, isesengura ryukuri rirasaba cyane. Ubusobanuro bwagaciro bwisesengura bugomba kwemezwa kugirango imikorere isanzwe ya sisitemu ikosore kandi ishyize mu gaciro!
1. Kumenya ogisijeni ikenewe (CODcr)
Umwuka wa ogisijeni ukenera: bivuga ingano ya okiside ikoreshwa mugihe potasiyumu dichromate ikoreshwa nka okiside yo kuvura ingero zamazi mugihe cya acide ikomeye nubushyuhe, igice ni mg / L. Mu gihugu cyanjye, uburyo bwa potasiyumu dichromate bukoreshwa muri rusange. ?
1. Ihame ryuburyo
Mu gisubizo gikomeye cya acide, umubare munini wa potasiyumu dichromate ikoreshwa muguhindura okiside ibintu bigabanya urugero rwamazi. Dichromate irenze urugero ikoreshwa nkigipimo cyerekana kandi ferrous ammonium sulfate yumuti ikoreshwa kugirango isubire inyuma. Kubara ingano ya ogisijeni ikoreshwa mukugabanya ibintu biri mumazi y'amazi ukurikije ingano ya sulfate ferrous ammonium yakoreshejwe. ?
2. Ibikoresho
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(2) Igikoresho gishyushya: isahani yo gushyushya amashanyarazi cyangwa itanura ryamashanyarazi. ?
(3) 50ml ya acide. ?
3. Reagents
. flask ya 1000ml. Koresha ikimenyetso hanyuma uzunguze neza. ?
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. Mugihe ukangura, shyiramo buhoro buhoro 20ml ya acide sulfurike yibanze. Nyuma yo gukonjesha, iyimure kuri flask ya 1000ml ya volumetric, ongeramo amazi kugirango ugabanye ikimenyetso, hanyuma uzunguze neza. Mbere yo gukoresha, koresha kalibasi ya potasiyumu dichromate igisubizo gisanzwe. ?
Uburyo bwa Calibration: Kuramo neza 10.00ml potassium dichromate yumuti usanzwe hamwe na flask ya 500ml Erlenmeyer, ongeramo amazi kugirango uyunguruze hafi 110ml, wongereho buhoro buhoro 30ml acide sulfurike yibanze, hanyuma uvange. Nyuma yo gukonjesha, ongeramo ibitonyanga bitatu byumuti wa ferroline (hafi 0.15ml) hanyuma utange titre hamwe na sulfate ferrous ammonium. Ibara ryigisubizo rihinduka kuva kumuhondo ugahinduka ubururu-icyatsi kibisi gitukura kandi ni iherezo. ?
C [(NH4) 2Fe (SO4) 2] = 0.2500 × 10.00 / V.
Muri formula, c - kwibumbira hamwe kwa ferrous ammonium sulfate isanzwe (mol / L); V - igipimo cya ferrous ammonium sulfate isanzwe yumuti (ml). ?
. Kurekera iminsi 1-2 hanyuma ukayinyeganyeza rimwe na rimwe kugirango ushonga (niba nta kintu cya 2500ml kirimo, ongeramo 5g silver sulfate kuri 500ml acide sulfurike yibanze). ?
(5) Mercure sulfate: kristu cyangwa ifu. ?
4. Ibintu ugomba kumenya
(1) Umubare ntarengwa wa ioni ya chloride ishobora kugorana ukoresheje 0.4g ya sulfate ya mercure irashobora kugera kuri 40mL. Kurugero, niba hafashwe urugero rwamazi ya 20.00mL, irashobora guhuza icyitegererezo cyamazi hamwe na chloride ion ntarengwa ya 2000mg / L. Niba intungamubiri za chloride ari nke, urashobora kongeramo sulfate nkeya ya mercure kugirango ukomeze sulfate ya mercure: chloride ion = 10: 1 (W / W). Niba umubare muto wa mercure chloride igwa, ntabwo bigira ingaruka kubipimo. ?
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. Mugihe gitonyanga inyuma, koresha 0.01 / L ferrous ammonium sulfate igisubizo gisanzwe. ?
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. . Byateguwe bishya iyo bikoreshejwe. ?
(6) Ibisubizo byo gupima CODCr bigomba kugumana imibare itatu yingenzi. ?
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5. Intambwe zo gupima
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(2) Fata 3-umunwa wubutaka Erlenmeyer, ufite nomero 0, 1, na 2; ongeramo amasaro 6 yikirahuri kuri buri flask ya 3 Erlenmeyer. ?
(3) Ongeramo mL 20 y'amazi yatoboye kuri flask ya No 0 Erlenmeyer (koresha umuyoboro w'amavuta); ongeramo 5 mL y'amazi y'ibiryo by'icyitegererezo kuri flask ya No 1 Erlenmeyer (koresha umuyoboro wa mL 5, hanyuma ukoreshe amazi yo kugaburira kwoza umuyoboro). umuyoboro inshuro 3), hanyuma ongeramo amazi ya mL 15 mL (koresha umuyoboro w'amavuta); ongeramo mL 20 yicyitegererezo cyamazi kuri flask ya No 2 Erlenmeyer (koresha umuyoboro wamavuta, kwoza pipeti inshuro 3 n'amazi yinjira). ?
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. umuyoboro utembera muri flask ya Erlenmeyer mugihe cyo gushyushya kugirango ugabanye amakosa .2. ?
(10) Nyuma yo kongeramo amazi yatoboye, ubushyuhe buzarekurwa. Kuraho flask ya Erlenmeyer hanyuma ukonje. ?
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(12) Titrate hamwe na sulfate ferrous ammonium. Ibara ryigisubizo rihinduka kuva kumuhondo ugahinduka ubururu-icyatsi kibisi gitukura nkicyanyuma. . ?
(13) Andika ibyasomwe kandi ubare ibisubizo. ?
2. Kugena ogisijeni ikomoka ku binyabuzima (BOD5)
Imyanda yo mu ngo n’amazi y’inganda arimo ibintu byinshi kama kama. Iyo zanduye amazi, ibyo binyabuzima bizatwara ogisijeni nyinshi yashonze iyo ibora mu mubiri w’amazi, bityo bikangiza imyuka ya ogisijeni mu mubiri w’amazi kandi bikangiza ubwiza bw’amazi. Kubura ogisijeni mu mazi bitera urupfu rwamafi nubundi buzima bwo mu mazi. ?
Ibigize ibinyabuzima bikubiye mu mazi biragoye, kandi biragoye kumenya ibiyigize umwe umwe. Abantu bakunze gukoresha ogisijeni ikoreshwa n’ibinyabuzima mu mazi mu bihe bimwe na bimwe kugira ngo bagaragaze mu buryo butaziguye ibirimo ibinyabuzima biri mu mazi. Ibinyabuzima bya ogisijeni ikenerwa ni ikimenyetso cyingenzi cyubwoko. ?
Uburyo bwa kera bwo gupima ogisijeni ikomoka ku binyabuzima ni uburyo bwo gutera intanga. ?
Ingero zamazi yo gupima ogisijeni ikomoka kuri biohimiki igomba kuzuzwa no gufungwa mumacupa mugihe yakusanyijwe. Ubike kuri dogere selisiyusi 0-4. Mubisanzwe, isesengura rigomba gukorwa mumasaha 6. Niba urugendo rurerure rusabwa. Ibyo ari byo byose, igihe cyo kubika ntigishobora kurenza amasaha 24. ?
1. Ihame ryuburyo
Umwuka wa ogisijeni ukomoka ku binyabuzima bivuga urugero rwa ogisijeni yashonze ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa biohimiki ya mikorobe ibora ibintu bimwe na bimwe bya okiside, cyane cyane ibinyabuzima, mu mazi mu bihe byagenwe. Inzira yose ya okiside yibinyabuzima ifata igihe kirekire. Kurugero, iyo ufite umuco kuri dogere selisiyusi 20, bisaba iminsi irenga 100 kugirango urangize inzira. Kugeza ubu, muri rusange birateganijwe mu gihugu ndetse no mu mahanga gushyiramo iminsi 5 kuri 20 wongeyeho cyangwa ukuyemo dogere selisiyusi 1, no gupima ogisijeni yashonze y'icyitegererezo mbere na nyuma yo gukora. Itandukaniro riri hagati yombi ni agaciro ka BOD5, kagaragara muri miligarama / litiro ya ogisijeni. ?
Ku mazi amwe yo hejuru hamwe n’amazi menshi y’inganda, kubera ko arimo ibintu byinshi kama, bigomba kuvangwa mbere yumuco no gupimwa kugirango bigabanye ubukana kandi byemeze ogisijeni ihagije. Urwego rwa dilution rugomba kumera kuburyo ogisijeni yashonze ikoreshwa mumuco irenze mg / L, naho ogisijeni isigaye irenze 1 mg / L. ?
Kugirango harebwe niba haboneka umwuka wa ogisijeni uhagije nyuma y’icyitegererezo cy’amazi, amazi avanze ubusanzwe ahindurwamo umwuka, ku buryo umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga mu mazi avanze uba wuzuye. Umubare munini wintungamubiri zidasanzwe hamwe nibintu bya buffer nabyo bigomba kongerwaho mumazi ya dilution kugirango imikurire ya mikorobe ikure. ?
Ku mazi y’inganda arimo ibinyabuzima bito cyangwa bidafite mikorobe, harimo amazi y’amazi ya aside, amazi y’amazi ya alkaline, amazi y’amazi yo mu rwego rwo hejuru cyangwa amazi y’amazi ya chlorine, hakwiye gukorwa inshinge iyo bapimye BOD5 kugira ngo hamenyekane mikorobe ishobora kubora ibintu kama mu mazi y’amazi. Iyo hari ibintu kama mumazi yanduye bigoye kwangizwa na mikorobe mvaruganda muri rusange imyanda yo murugo mu muvuduko usanzwe cyangwa irimo ibintu bifite ubumara bukabije, mikorobe yororerwa mu rugo igomba kwinjizwa mumazi y’amazi kugirango itere. Ubu buryo burakwiriye kugenwa icyitegererezo cyamazi hamwe na BOD5 irenze cyangwa ingana na 2mg / L, kandi ntarengwa ntirenza 6000mg / L. Iyo BOD5 yicyitegererezo cyamazi irenze 6000mg / L, amakosa amwe azabaho kubera kuyungurura. ?
2. Ibikoresho
(1) Ubushyuhe burigihe
(2) Icupa ryikirahure cyuzuye umunwa. ?
(3) 1000——2000ml yo gupima silinderi
. Isahani ikomeye ya reberi ifite diameter ntoya kurenza hepfo ya silinderi yo gupimwa hamwe nu mwobo muto muto ushyizwe munsi yinkoni. ?
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(6) Siphon, ikoreshwa mugutwara urugero rwamazi no kongeramo amazi ya dilution. ?
3. Reagents
. PH yiki gisubizo igomba kuba 7.2
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. Iki gisubizo ntigihungabana kandi gikeneye gutegurwa buri munsi. ?
. . Tegura iki gisubizo gisanzwe mbere yo gukoresha. ?
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. Ingano yumuti watewe wongeyeho litiro y'amazi avanze ni 1-10ml yimyanda yo murugo; cyangwa 20-30ml y'ubutaka bwo hejuru busohoka; pH agaciro k'amazi yo gukingira amazi agomba kuba 7.2. Agaciro ka BOD kagomba kuba hagati ya 0.3-1.0 mg / L. Amazi yo gutera inshinge agomba gukoreshwa ako kanya nyuma yo kwitegura. ?
4. Kubara
1. Ingero zamazi zitezimbere bitagoranye
BOD5 (mg / L) = C1-C2
Muri formula: C1 —— gushonga umwuka wa ogisijeni wintangarugero yamazi mbere yumuco (mg / L);
C2 —— Igisigara cya ogisijeni yashonze (mg / L) nyuma yicyitegererezo cyamazi kimaze iminsi 5. ?
2. Ingero zamazi zifite umuco nyuma yo kuyungurura
BOD5 (mg / L) = [(C1-C2) - (B1-B2) f1] ∕ f2
Muri formula: C1 —— gushonga umwuka wa ogisijeni wintangarugero yamazi mbere yumuco (mg / L);
C2 —— Gusigara kwa ogisijeni yashonze (mg / L) nyuma yiminsi 5 yubushakashatsi bwamazi;
B.
B.
f1 —— Ikigereranyo cyamazi yo kwisuka (cyangwa amazi yo gutera inshinge) murwego rwumuco;
f2 —— Igipimo cyurugero rwamazi murwego rwumuco. ?
B1 —— Umwuka wa ogisijeni wamazi yamazi mbere yumuco;
B2 —— Umwuka wa ogisijeni wamazi wamazi nyuma yo guhinga;
f1 —— Ikigereranyo cyamazi ya dilution mumico yumuco;
f2 —— Igipimo cyurugero rwamazi murwego rwumuco. ?
Icyitonderwa: Kubara f1 na f2: Kurugero, niba igipimo cyo kugabanuka kwumuco giciriritse ari 3%, ni ukuvuga ibice 3 byurugero rwamazi nibice 97 byamazi ya dilution, hanyuma f1 = 0.97 na f2 = 0.03. ?
5. Ibintu ugomba kumenya
(1) Uburyo bwa okiside yibinyabuzima yibintu kama mumazi birashobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri. Icyiciro cya mbere ni okiside ya karubone na hydrogen mubintu kama kugirango bitange karuboni n'amazi. Iki cyiciro cyitwa icyiciro cya karuboni. Bifata iminsi igera kuri 20 kugirango urangize icyiciro cya karubone kuri dogere selisiyusi 20. Mu cyiciro cya kabiri, ibintu birimo azote hamwe nigice cya azote bihinduka okiside muri nitrite na nitrate, aribyo bita nitrification. Bifata iminsi 100 kugirango urangize icyiciro cya nitrifasiya kuri dogere selisiyusi 20. Kubwibyo, iyo upimye BOD5 yintangarugero yamazi, nitrifisiyonike muri rusange ntabwo ari nto cyangwa ntibibaho na gato. Nyamara, imyanda iva mu kigega cyo kuvura ibinyabuzima irimo bacteri nyinshi za nitrifying. Kubwibyo, mugihe upima BOD5, umwuka wa ogisijeni wibintu bimwe na bimwe birimo azote nayo irimo. Kuburugero rwamazi nkaya, inhibitor ya nitrification irashobora kongerwaho kugirango ibuze inzira ya nitrification. Kubwiyi ntego, ml 1 ya propylene thiourea hamwe na 500 mg / L cyangwa urugero runaka rwa 2-chlorozone-6-trichloromethyldine yashyizwe kuri sodium ya chloride irashobora kongerwa kuri buri litiro y’amazi avanze kugirango TCMP yibanze kuri concentration icyitegererezo cyahinduwe ni hafi 0.5 mg / L. ?
(2) Ibikoresho by'ibirahure bigomba gusukurwa neza. Banza ushire kandi usukure hamwe na detergent, hanyuma ushiremo acide hydrochloric acide, hanyuma ukarabe n'amazi ya robine n'amazi yatoboye. ?
. BOD5. Agaciro BOD5 yapimwe igomba kuba hagati ya 180-230mg / L. Bitabaye ibyo, reba niba hari ibibazo bijyanye nubwiza bwigisubizo cya inoculum, amazi ya dilution cyangwa tekinoroji yo gukora. ?
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3. Kumenya ibintu byahagaritswe (SS)
Ibintu byahagaritswe byerekana ingano yibintu bidakemutse mumazi. ?
1. Ihame ryuburyo
Ibipimo byo gupima byubatswe, kandi kwinjiza icyitegererezo ku burebure bwihariye bwahinduwe bihinduka agaciro kerekana ibipimo bigomba gupimwa, kandi bikerekanwa kuri ecran ya LCD. ?
2. Intambwe zo gupima
. ?
. , gukora ibisubizo bidahwitse. Birumvikana, urugero rwicyitegererezo cyamazi yinjira ntabwo gikwiye. Niba amazi yinjira ari umwanda cyane, fata 10mL hanyuma ushyiremo amazi yatoboye kurwego). ?
. kanda Kanda urufunguzo rwo gusoma. Niba atari zeru, kanda urufunguzo rusobanutse kugirango usibe igikoresho (gipima rimwe gusa). ?
. kunyeganyega. Noneho shyira vuba mubizamini byahagaritswe, hanyuma ukande buto yo gusoma, upime inshuro eshatu, hanyuma ubare agaciro kagereranijwe. ?
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3. Kubara
Igisubizo cyamazi yinjira SS ni: igipimo cya dilution * yapimwe amazi yimbere yo gusoma. Igisubizo cyamazi asohoka SS nigikoresho cyo gusoma icyitegererezo cyamazi yapimwe.
4. Kumenya fosifore yose (TP)
1. Ihame ryuburyo
Mugihe cya acide, orthophosifate ikorana na ammonium molybdate na potassium antimonyl tartrate kugirango ikore aside fosifomolybdenum heteropoly acide, igabanywa na acide igabanya aside asorbic ihinduka ubururu, ubusanzwe ihujwe nubururu bwa fosifomolibdenum. ?
Ubushuhe ntarengwa bushobora kugaragara kuri ubu buryo ni 0.01mg / L (kwibanda ku bijyanye no kwinjiza A = 0.01); imipaka yo hejuru yo kwiyemeza ni 0,6mg / L. Irashobora gukoreshwa mu isesengura rya orthophosifate mu mazi y’ubutaka, imyanda yo mu ngo n’amazi y’inganda ava mu miti ya buri munsi, ifumbire ya fosifate, gutunganya ibyuma bya fosifati, imiti yica udukoko, ibyuma, kokiya n’inganda. ?
2. Ibikoresho
Ikirangantego
3. Reagents
(1) 1 + 1 aside aside. ?
. Igisubizo kibitswe mumacupa yikirahure yijimye kandi gihamye ibyumweru byinshi ahantu hakonje. Niba ibara rihindutse umuhondo, guta no gusubiramo. ?
. Kuramo 0.35g potassium antimonyl tartrate [K (SbO) C4H4O6˙1 / 2H2O] mumazi 100ml. Mugihe gikomeza gukurura, shyiramo buhoro buhoro umuti wa ammonium molybdate kuri 300ml (1 + 1) acide sulfurike, ongeramo umuti wa potasiyumu antimony tartrate hanyuma uvange neza. Bika reagent mumacupa yikirahure yijimye ahantu hakonje. Ihamye byibuze amezi 2. ?
. Iki gisubizo cyateguwe kumunsi umwe. ?
. Gupima 0.217g, kuyishonga mumazi, no kuyimurira mumashanyarazi ya 1000ml. Ongeramo 5ml ya (1 + 1) acide sulfurike hanyuma uyunguruze n'amazi kurikimenyetso. Iki gisubizo kirimo 50.0ug fosifore kuri mililitiro. ?
. Iki gisubizo kirimo fosifore 2.00ug kuri mililitiro. Yiteguye gukoreshwa ako kanya. ?
4. Intambwe yo gupima (gufata gusa urugero rw'amazi yinjira n'amazi asohoka nk'urugero)
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(2) Fata imiyoboro 3 ihagaritswe, ongeramo amazi yatoboye kumuyoboro wambere wahagaritswe kumurongo wo hejuru; ongeramo 5mL y'icyitegererezo cy'amazi kumurongo wa kabiri wahagaritswe, hanyuma wongeremo amazi yatoboye kumurongo wo hejuru; icya gatatu cyahagaritswe igipimo cya Brace plug yarangije tube
Shira muri acide hydrochloric mumasaha 2, cyangwa scrub ukoresheje detergent idafite fosifate. ?
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5. Kumenya azote yose (TN)
1. Ihame ryuburyo
Mu gisubizo cy’amazi kiri hejuru ya 60 ° C, potasiyumu persulfate ibora ukurikije formulaire ikurikira kugirango itange hydrogene ion na ogisijeni. K2S2O8 + H2O → 2KHSO4 + 1 / 2O2KHSO4 → K ++ HSO4_HSO4 → H ++ SO42-
Ongeramo hydroxide ya sodium kugirango ubuze hydrogene ion hanyuma urangize kubora kwa potasiyumu persulfate. Mugihe cya alkaline giciriritse ya 120 ℃ -124 ℃, ukoresheje potasiyumu persulfate nka okiside, ntibishobora gusa kuba azote ya amoniya na azote ya nitrite mu cyitegererezo cy’amazi bishobora kuba okiside muri nitrate, ariko kandi n’ibintu byinshi bya azote kama kama mu cyitegererezo cy’amazi birashobora kuba okiside muri Nitrate. Noneho koresha ultraviolet spectrophotometrie kugirango upime iyinjizwa ryuburebure bwa 220nm na 275nm, hanyuma ubare iyinjizwa rya azote ya nitrate ukurikije formula ikurikira: A = A220-2A275 kugirango ubare ibirimo azote yose. Coefficient ya molarine yayo ni 1.47 × 103
2. Kwivanga no kurandurwa
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(2) Iyode ya Iyode na ion ya bromide ibangamira icyemezo. Nta kwivanga iyo iyode ya iyode ikubye inshuro 0.2 zose za azote. Nta nkomyi iyo ibiyirimo bya bromide bikubye inshuro 3,4 zose za azote. ?
. ?
(4) Sulfate na chloride nta ngaruka bigira ku cyemezo. ?
3. Ingano yo gukoresha uburyo
Ubu buryo burakwiriye cyane cyane kumenya azote yose mu biyaga, mu bigega no mu nzuzi. Umubare ntarengwa wo kumenya uburyo ni 0.05 mg / L; imipaka yo hejuru yo kwiyemeza ni 4 mg / L. ?
4. Ibikoresho
(1) UV yerekanwe. ?
(2) Kanda igitutu cya steriseri cyangwa guteka urugo. ?
(3) Ikirahuri cy'ikirahure gifite umunwa n'ubutaka. ?
5. Reagents
. Kusanya imyanda mu kintu cyikirahure. ?
. ?
. Igisubizo kibitswe mu icupa rya polyethylene kandi rishobora kubikwa icyumweru kimwe. ?
(4) 1 + 9 aside hydrochloric. ?
(5) Potratiyumu nitrate yumuti usanzwe: a. Igisubizo gisanzwe: Gupima 0,7218g ya nitrate ya potasiyumu yumishijwe kuri 105-110 ° C mumasaha 4, kuyishonga mumazi adafite amoniya, hanyuma ukayimurira mumashanyarazi ya 1000ml kugirango uhindure amajwi. Iki gisubizo kirimo mg 100 ya azote ya nitrate kuri ml. Ongeramo 2ml chloroform nkumurinzi kandi bizahagarara byibuze amezi 6. b. Potrasium nitrate yumuti usanzwe: Koresha igisubizo cyibigega inshuro 10 namazi adafite amoniya. Iki gisubizo kirimo mg 10 ya azote ya nitrate kuri ml. ?
6. Intambwe zo gupima
. ?
. Ongeramo amazi yatoboye kumuyoboro wambere wamabara hanyuma uyongereze kumurongo wo hasi; ongeramo 1mL yicyitegererezo cyamazi kumurongo wa kabiri wamabara, hanyuma wongeremo amazi yatoboye kumurongo wo hasi; ongeramo 2mL y'amazi yo gusohoka mumazi ya gatatu ya colorimetric, hanyuma wongeremo amazi yatoboye. Ongeraho ikimenyetso cyo hasi. ?
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. Kora igogora. ?
(5) Nyuma yo gushyushya, kura gaze hanyuma wemere gukonja bisanzwe. ?
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(8) Koresha uburebure bubiri kandi upime hamwe na spekitifotometero. Ubwa mbere, koresha 10mm ya quartz cuvette ifite uburebure bwa 275nm (imwe ikuze gato) kugirango upime amazi yubusa, yinjira, hamwe n’amazi asohoka hanyuma ubibare; hanyuma ukoreshe 10mm ya quartz cuvette ifite uburebure bwa 220nm (imwe ishaje gato) kugirango upime amazi yubusa, yinjira, nisohoka. Fata kandi usohokemo icyitegererezo cy'amazi hanyuma ubare. ?
(9) Ibisubizo byo kubara. ?
6. Kumenya azote ya amoniya (NH3-N)
1. Ihame ryuburyo
Ibisubizo bya alkaline ya mercure na potasiyumu bifata hamwe na ammonia kugirango bibe byoroshye umutuku wijimye wijimye. Iri bara rifite uburyo bukomeye bwo kwinjirira hejuru yumurongo mugari. Mubisanzwe uburebure bwumurongo ukoreshwa mugupima buri murwego rwa 410-425nm. ?
2. Kubungabunga ingero z’amazi
Ingero zamazi zegeranijwe mumacupa ya polyethylene cyangwa amacupa yikirahure kandi zigomba gusesengurwa vuba bishoboka. Nibiba ngombwa, ongeramo aside sulfurike kurugero rwamazi kugirango uyisukemo pH<2, hanyuma ubibike kuri 2-5 ° C. Ingero za acide zigomba gufatwa kugirango birinde kwinjiza ammonia mu kirere no kwanduza. ?
3. Kwivanga no kurandurwa
Ibinyabuzima kama nka alifatique amine, amine ya aromatique, aldehydes, acetone, alcool na amine ya azote kama, hamwe na ion organic organique nka fer, manganese, magnesium na sulfure, bitera kwivanga bitewe no gukora amabara atandukanye cyangwa akajagari. Ibara n'umuvurungano w'amazi nabyo bigira ingaruka kuri Colorimetric. Kubwiyi ntego, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration cyangwa distillation pretreatment irakenewe. Kugabanya ibintu bihindagurika bishobora no gushyukwa mugihe cya acide kugirango bikureho kwivanga kwicyuma, kandi umubare wabyo wa masking urashobora kandi kongerwaho kugirango ubiveho. ?
4. Umwanya wo gukoresha uburyo
Ubushuhe buke bushobora kugaragara kuri ubu buryo ni 0.025 mg / l (uburyo bwo gufotora), kandi urugero rwo hejuru rwo kwiyemeza ni 2 mg / l. Ukoresheje ibara ryerekana amashusho, byibuze bishobora kugaragara ni 0,02 mg / l. Nyuma yo gutondeka neza urugero rwamazi, ubu buryo burashobora gukoreshwa kumazi yo hejuru, amazi yubutaka, amazi mabi yinganda hamwe n imyanda yo murugo. ?
5. Ibikoresho
(1) Spectrophotometero. ?
(2) metero ya PH
6. Reagents
Amazi yose akoreshwa mugutegura reagent agomba kuba adafite amoniya. ?
(1) Nessler reagent
Urashobora guhitamo bumwe muburyo bukurikira bwo gutegura:
1. Gupima 20g ya potasiyumu iyode hanyuma ukayishonga muri 25ml y'amazi. Ongeramo mercure dichloride (HgCl2) ifu ya kirisiti (hafi 10g) mubice bito mugihe ukurura. Iyo imvura iguye igaragara kandi bigoye kuyashonga, igihe kirageze cyo kongeramo dioxyde yuzuye. Umuti wa mercure hanyuma ukangure neza. Iyo imvura ya vermilion igaragaye kandi itagishonga, hagarika kongeramo mercuric chloride. ?
Gupima andi 60g ya hydroxide ya potasiyumu hanyuma ukayashonga mu mazi, hanyuma ukayungurura kuri 250ml. Nyuma yo gukonjesha ubushyuhe bwicyumba, shyira buhoro buhoro igisubizo cyavuzwe haruguru mumashanyarazi ya potasiyumu hydroxide mugihe ukurura, uyunguruze namazi kugeza 400ml, hanyuma uvange neza. Reka uhagarare ijoro ryose, wimure ndengakamere mu icupa rya polyethylene, hanyuma ubibike uhagaritse. ?
2. Gupima 16g ya hydroxide ya sodium, kuyishonga muri 50ml y'amazi, hanyuma ukonje rwose mubushyuhe bwicyumba. ?
Gupima andi 7g ya iyode ya potasiyumu na 10g ya iyode ya mercure (HgI2) hanyuma uyishongeshe mumazi. Noneho shyira buhoro buhoro igisubizo muri sodium hydroxide yumuti mugihe ukurura, uyunguruze namazi kugeza kuri 100ml, ubibike mumacupa ya polyethylene, hanyuma ubifunge neza. ?
(2) Umuti wa aside ya potasiyumu
Gupima 50g ya potasiyumu sodium tartrate (KNaC4H4O6.4H2O) hanyuma ukayishonga muri 100ml y'amazi, ubushyuhe no guteka kugirango ukure ammonia, ukonje kandi ushonga kugeza 100ml. ?
(3) Umuti usanzwe wa Amonium
Gupima 3.819g ya chloride ya amonium (NH4Cl) yumishijwe kuri dogere selisiyusi 100, kuyishonga mumazi, kuyimurira mumashanyarazi ya 1000ml, hanyuma ukayungurura ikimenyetso. Uyu muti urimo azote 1.00mg ya azote kuri ml. ?
(4) Igisubizo gisanzwe cya Amonium
Pipette 5.00ml yumuti usanzwe wa amine mumashanyarazi ya 500ml ya flask hanyuma ukayungurura amazi kugeza kumurongo. Iki gisubizo kirimo azote ya 0.010mg ya ammonia kuri ml. ?
7. Kubara
Shakisha azote ya amoniya (mg) uhereye kuri kalibrasi
Azote ya Amoniya (N, mg / l) = m / v * 1000
Muri formula, m - ingano ya azote ya ammonia iboneka muri kalibrasi (mg), V - ingano yicyitegererezo cyamazi (ml). ?
8. Ibintu ugomba kumenya
(1) Ikigereranyo cya iyode ya sodium na potasiyumu iyode ifite uruhare runini muburyo bwo kwiyumvisha amabara. Imvura yashizweho nyuma yo kuruhuka igomba kuvaho. ?
. Ibikoresho byose byibirahure bigomba kurindwa kwanduzwa na amoniya mumyuka ya laboratoire. ?
9. Intambwe zo gupima
. ?
(2) Suka icyitegererezo cyamazi yinjira hamwe nicyitegererezo cyamazi muri 100mL. ?
. ?
(4) Reka byicare muminota 3 hanyuma utangire kuyungurura. ?
(5) Suka icyitegererezo cyamazi gihagaze mumashanyarazi. Nyuma yo kuyungurura, suka akayunguruzo muri beaker yo hepfo. Noneho koresha iyi beaker kugirango ukusanye amazi asigaye muri ruhurura. Kugeza igihe cyo kuyungurura kirangiye, suka akayunguruzo muri beaker yo hasi. Suka akayunguruzo. (Muyandi magambo, koresha filtrate kuva kumurongo umwe woza inzoga kabiri)
(6) Shungura amazi asigaye mu byuma bikurikiranye. ?
(7) Fata imiyoboro 3 yamabara. Ongeramo amazi yatoboye kumuyoboro wambere wamabara hanyuma wongere mubipimo; ongeramo 3-5mL yamazi yintangarugero ya filtrate kumuyoboro wa kabiri wamabara, hanyuma wongeremo amazi yatoboye kurwego; ongeramo 2mL y'amazi asohoka sample filtrate kumuyoboro wa gatatu wa colimetric. Noneho shyiramo amazi yatoboye kurikimenyetso. (Umubare w'amazi yinjira kandi asohoka ntangarugero ya filtrate ntabwo yagenwe)
. ?
(9) Shyira neza kandi muminota 10. Koresha spekitifotometero kugirango upime, ukoresheje uburebure bwa 420nm na cuvette ya 20mm. Kubara. ?
(10) Ibisubizo byo kubara. ?
7. Kumenya azote ya nitrate (NO3-N)
1. Ihame ryuburyo
Mu cyitegererezo cy’amazi mu buryo bwa alkaline, nitrate irashobora kugabanywa kuri ammonia muburyo bwo kugabanya (Daisler alloy) munsi yubushyuhe. Nyuma yo kuyungurura, yinjizwa mu gisubizo cya acide ya boric hanyuma igapimwa hifashishijwe ifoto ya Nessler ya reagent cyangwa titre ya aside. . ?
2. Kwivanga no kurandurwa
Muri ibi bihe, nitrite nayo igabanuka kuri ammonia kandi igomba gukurwaho mbere. Umunyu wa Amoniya na ammonia mubitegererezo byamazi birashobora kandi gukurwaho mbere yo kubishiramo mbere yo kongeramo amavuta ya Daisch. ?
Ubu buryo burakwiriye cyane cyane kumenya azote ya nitrate mu byitegererezo by’amazi yanduye cyane. Muri icyo gihe, irashobora kandi gukoreshwa muguhitamo azote ya nitrite mu byitegererezo by'amazi (icyitegererezo cy'amazi kigenwa na alkaline pre-distillation kugirango ikureho umunyu wa ammonia na amonium, hanyuma nitrite Ubwinshi bw'umunyu, ukuyemo umubare ya nitrate yapimwe ukwayo, ni ingano ya nitrite). ?
3. Ibikoresho
Igikoresho cyo gutunganya azote hamwe nudupira twa azote. ?
4. Reagents
. ?
(2) 1 + 1 aside hydrochloric
. ?
(4) Ifu ya Daisch (Cu50: Zn5: Al45) ifu. ?
. ?
5. Intambwe zo gupima
. ?
(2) Fata imiyoboro 3 yamabara. Ongeramo amazi yatoboye kumuyoboro wambere wamabara hanyuma uyongere kubipimo; ongeramo 3mL ya No 3 ibona ndengakamere kumuyoboro wa kabiri wamabara, hanyuma wongeremo amazi yatoboye kurwego; ongeramo 5mL ya reflux iboneka ndengakamere kumuyoboro wa gatatu wamabara, hanyuma ongeramo amazi yatoboye kurikimenyetso. ?
. ?
.
. (bifata amasaha agera kuri 2)
(6) Nyuma yo guhumeka kugirango yumuke, kura isahani ihumeka hanyuma ukonje. ?
. Nyuma yo kubireka muminota 10, Ongeramo hafi mL 10 y'amazi yatoboye. ?
. Ongeramo amazi yatoboye kurikimenyetso. ?
. Kandi komeza ubare. ?
(10) Ibisubizo byo kubara. ?
8. Kumenya ogisijeni yashonze (DO)
Umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga mu mazi witwa ogisijeni yashonze. Umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga mumazi karemano biterwa nuburinganire bwa ogisijeni mumazi nikirere. ?
Mubisanzwe, uburyo bwa iyode bukoreshwa mugupima ogisijeni yashonze.
1. Ihame ryuburyo
Sulfate ya Manganese na potasiyumu ya alkaline yode yongewe kumazi y'amazi. Umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga mu mazi uhindura manganese nkeya ya manganese kugeza kuri manganese nyinshi, bikabyara imvura yijimye ya hydroxide ya tetravalent. Nyuma yo kongeramo aside, imvura ya hydroxide irashonga kandi igakora hamwe na ion iyode kugirango irekure. Iyode yubusa. Ukoresheje ibinyamisogwe nk'ikimenyetso kandi ugatanga titre iyode irekuwe hamwe na sodiumi thiosulfate, ibirimo ogisijeni yashonze irashobora kubarwa. ?
2. Intambwe zo gupima
(1) Fata icyitegererezo kuri point 9 mumacupa yagutse hanyuma ureke yicare muminota icumi. (Nyamuneka menya ko ukoresha icupa ryagutse kandi witondere uburyo bwo gutoranya)
. kuzuza ogisijeni yashonze. icupa. ?
. (Witondere kwirinda mugihe wongeyeho, ongera uva hagati)
. ?
(5) Ongeramo 2mL ya acide sulfurike yibanze kumacupa ya ogisijeni yashonze hanyuma uzunguze neza. Reka byicare ahantu hijimye muminota itanu. ?
. ?
. Kurangiza usuke kumurongo wa 100mL ya silinderi yo gupima. ?
(8) Suka amazi muri silinderi yo gupima muri flask ya Erlenmeyer. ?
. ?
(10) Ibisubizo byo kubara. ?
Umwuka wa ogisijeni (mg / L) = M * V * 8 * 1000/100
M ni intumbero yumuti wa sodium thiosulfate (mol / L)
V nubunini bwumuti wa sodium thiosulfate ukoreshwa mugihe cya titre (mL)
9. Ubunyobwa bwuzuye
1. Intambwe zo gupima
. ?
. Koresha 100mL yarangije silinderi kugirango ufate 100mL yicyitegererezo cyamazi yajugunywe mumashanyarazi ya 500mL Erlenmeyer. ?
. ?
. Umugozi. ?
. .
(6) Ibisubizo byo kubara. Ingano ya hydrogen ion igisubizo gisanzwe * 5 nubunini. ?
10. Kumenyekanisha igipimo cyo gutuza (SV30)
1. Intambwe zo gupima
(1) Fata silinderi yo gupima 100mL. ?
. ?
(3) Iminota 30 nyuma yo gutangira igihe, soma igipimo cyo gusoma kuri interineti hanyuma wandike. ?
11. Kugena ibipimo byerekana ingano (SVI)
SVI yapimwe mukugabanya igipimo cyo gutuza (SV30) hamwe nubushuhe (MLSS). Ariko witondere guhindura ibice. Igice cya SVI ni mL / g. ?
12. Kumenya kwibumbira hamwe (MLSS)
1. Intambwe zo gupima
. ?
. (Icyitegererezo kuri point 9 kirashobora kuboneka mugupima igipimo cyimitsi)
. . ku ngingo ya 9. Ibyo ari byo byose, impapuro zujuje ubuziranenge zigomba gukoreshwa. Byongeye, witondere impapuro zungurura umubare n'impapuro zujuje ubuziranenge
. Ubushyuhe bw'itanura ryumye buzamuka bugera kuri 105 ° C butangira gukama amasaha 2. ?
. ?
(6) Nyuma yo gukonja, gupima no kubara ukoresheje uburinganire bwa elegitoronike. ?
(7) Ibisubizo byo kubara. Kwibanda kumashanyarazi (mg / L) = (kuringaniza gusoma - uburemere bwimpapuro zungurura) * 10000
13. Kumenya ibintu kama bihindagurika (MLVSS)
1. Intambwe zo gupima
. ?
. ?
(3) Nyuma yamasaha abiri, funga itanura ryubwoko bwo kurwanya. Nyuma yo gukonjesha amasaha 3, fungura umuryango w itanura ryubwoko bwokwirinda gato hanyuma wongere ukonje mugihe cyigice cyisaha kugirango urebe ko ubushyuhe bwa farashi ikomeye butarenga 100 ° C. ?
. ?
(5) Ibisubizo byo kubara. ?
Ibintu kama bihindagurika (mg / L) = (uburemere bwimpapuro zungurura icyondo icyitegererezo + uburemere bwibintu bito bito - gusoma kuringaniza) * 10000.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-19-2024
