13.Ni izihe ngamba zo gupima CODCr?
Ibipimo bya CODCr bifashisha dichromate ya potasiyumu nka okiside, sulfate ya feza nka catalizator mu bihe bya acide, guteka no kugaruka mu masaha 2, hanyuma ikabihindura mu gukoresha ogisijeni (GB11914–89) mu gupima ikoreshwa rya dichromate ya potasiyumu. Imiti nka potasiyumu dichromate, sulfate ya mercure na acide sulfurike yibanze ikoreshwa mu gupima CODCr, ishobora kuba ari uburozi cyane cyangwa ibora, kandi igasaba gushyuha no kugaruka, bityo igikorwa kigomba gukorwa mu cyuma cya fume kandi kigomba gukorwa neza cyane. Amazi y’imyanda agomba gutunganywa no kujugunywa ukwe.
Kugirango uteze imbere okiside yuzuye yo kugabanya ibintu mumazi, sulfate ya silver igomba kongerwamo nkumusemburo. Kugirango ifeza ya sulfate igabanuke neza, sulfate ya feza igomba gushonga muri acide sulfurike yibanze. Nyuma yo gushonga burundu (hafi iminsi 2), aside irike izatangira. ya acide sulfurike muri flask ya Erlenmeyer. Uburyo bwo gupima ibipimo ngenderwaho byigihugu buteganya ko 0.4gAg2SO4 / 30mLH2SO4 igomba kongerwaho kuri buri gupima CODCr (icyitegererezo cy’amazi 20mL), ariko amakuru afatika yerekana ko kuburugero rwamazi rusange, wongeyeho 0.3gAg2SO4 / 30mLH2SO4 birahagije rwose, kandi nta mpamvu yo gukenera koresha byinshi bya sulfate. Kubisanzwe byapimwe amazi yimyanda, niba hari amakuru ahagije, ingano ya sulfate ya feza irashobora kugabanuka muburyo bukwiye.
CODCr ni ikimenyetso cyerekana ibinyabuzima biri mu mwanda, bityo ogisijeni ikoreshwa na ion ya chloride hamwe n’ibintu bigabanya umubiri bigomba gukurwaho mugihe cyo gupima. Kubangamira ibintu bitagabanya ibintu nka Fe2 + na S2-, agaciro CODCr yapimwe irashobora gukosorwa hashingiwe ku cyifuzo cya ogisijeni ikenewe hashingiwe ku gipimo cyapimwe. Kwivanga kwa chloride ion Cl-1 ikurwaho na sulfate ya mercure. Iyo umubare wongeyeho ari 0.4gHgSO4 kuri 20mL y'amazi y'icyitegererezo, intererano ya 2000mg / L ya chloride ion irashobora gukurwaho. Kubisanzwe bipima amazi yimyanda hamwe nibice bisa neza, niba ibirimo bya chloride ion ari bito cyangwa icyitegererezo cyamazi gifite ibintu byinshi byokoresha amazi mugupima, ingano ya sulfate ya mercure irashobora kugabanuka muburyo bukwiye.
14. Ni ubuhe buryo bwa catalitiki ya sulfate ya silver?
Uburyo bwa catalitiki ya sulfate ya silver ni uko ibice birimo amatsinda ya hydroxyl mubintu kama bibanza okisiside na potasiyumu dichromate ikabamo aside ya karubike muburyo bukomeye bwa acide. Amavuta acide akomoka kuri hydroxyl organic organic reaction hamwe na sulfate ya silver kugirango bibyare ifeza acide. Bitewe nigikorwa cya atome ya feza, Itsinda rya Carboxyl rirashobora kubyara byoroshye karuboni ya dioxyde n amazi, kandi mugihe kimwe ikabyara ifeza ya acide nshya, ariko atome ya karubone ni imwe ugereranije niyambere. Uru ruzinduko rusubiramo, buhoro buhoro okiside ibintu byose kama muri dioxyde de carbone n'amazi.
15.Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwirinda gupima BOD5?
Ibipimo bya BOD5 mubisanzwe bikoresha uburyo bwo guhinduranya no gutera inshinge (GB 7488–87). Igikorwa nugushira icyitegererezo cyamazi cyateshejwe agaciro, kivanaho ibintu byuburozi, kandi kigahinduka (hamwe na inoculum ikwiye irimo mikorobe ya aerobic yongeweho nibiba ngombwa). Mu icupa ryumuco, shyira mu mwijima kuri 20 ° C iminsi 5. Mugupima imyuka ya ogisijeni yashonze mu byitegererezo by’amazi mbere na nyuma y’umuco, ikoreshwa rya ogisijeni mu minsi 5 irashobora kubarwa, hanyuma BOD5 ikaboneka hashingiwe ku mpamvu yo kugabanuka.
Igenamigambi rya BOD5 nigisubizo gihuriweho ningaruka zibinyabuzima na chimique kandi bigomba gukorwa hubahirijwe ibisobanuro bikora. Guhindura imiterere iyo ari yo yose bizagira ingaruka ku kugereranya no kugereranya ibisubizo byo gupima. Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku kugena BOD5 harimo agaciro ka pH, ubushyuhe, ubwoko bwa mikorobe nubunini, ibirimo umunyu ngengabuzima, umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga hamwe na dilution, nibindi.
Amazi yo gupima BOD5 agomba kuzuzwa no gufungwa mumacupa y'icyitegererezo, akabikwa muri firigo kuri 2 kugeza kuri 5 ° C kugeza abisesenguye. Mubisanzwe, ikizamini kigomba gukorwa mugihe cyamasaha 6 nyuma yo gutorwa. Ibyo ari byo byose, igihe cyo kubika icyitegererezo cy’amazi ntigomba kurenza amasaha 24.
Iyo upimye BOD5 y’amazi mabi y’inganda, kubera ko amazi y’inganda asanzwe arimo ogisijeni idashonga kandi ikaba irimo ahanini ibinyabuzima bishobora kwangirika, kugira ngo igumane ikirere mu icupa ry’umuco, icyitegererezo cy’amazi kigomba kuvangwa (cyangwa guterwa no kuvangwa). Iki gikorwa Nicyo kintu kinini kiranga uburyo busanzwe bwa dilution. Kugirango harebwe niba ibisubizo byapimwe byizewe, ikoreshwa rya ogisijeni y’amazi y’amazi nyuma y’umuco mu gihe cyiminsi 5 igomba kuba irenze mg / L, naho ogisijeni isigaye yashonze igomba kuba irenze 1 mg / L.
Intego yo kongeramo igisubizo inoculum ni ukureba ko umubare munini wa mikorobe yangiza ibintu kama mumazi. Ingano yumuti wa inoculum nibyiza cyane ko gukoresha ogisijeni muminsi 5 iri munsi ya 0.1mg / L. Mugihe ukoresheje amazi yamenetse yateguwe na distiller yicyuma nkamazi yo kuyungurura, ugomba kwitondera kugenzura ibiyigize ion birimo kugirango wirinde kubuza mikorobe na metabolism. Kugirango hamenyekane neza ko umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga mumazi avanze yegereye kwiyuzuzamo, umwuka usukuye cyangwa ogisijeni isukuye urashobora kwinjizwa nibiba ngombwa, hanyuma ugashyirwa muri incubator ya 20oC mugihe runaka kugirango uburinganire hamwe nigitutu cya ogisijeni igice ikirere.
Impamvu yo kugabanuka igenwa hashingiwe ku ihame rivuga ko ikoreshwa rya ogisijeni irenze mg / L naho ogisijeni isigaye irenze 1 mg / L nyuma yiminsi 5 yumuco. Niba ibintu bya dilution ari binini cyane cyangwa bito cyane, ikizamini kizatsindwa. Kandi kubera ko isesengura rya BOD5 ari rirerire, iyo ibintu bimeze nkibi bibaye, ntibishobora gusubirwamo uko biri. Mugihe ubanza gupima BOD5 yamazi mabi yinganda, urashobora kubanza gupima CODCr yayo, hanyuma ukerekeza kumibare ihari yo gukurikirana amazi y’amazi afite ubuziranenge bw’amazi kugirango ubanze umenye agaciro ka BOD5 / CODCr k'urugero rw'amazi agomba gupimwa, no kubara intera igereranijwe ya BOD5 ishingiye kuriyi. no kugena ibintu byo kugabanuka.
Ku byitegererezo by'amazi arimo ibintu bibuza cyangwa byica ibikorwa bya metabolike ya mikorobe yo mu kirere, ibisubizo byo gupima BOD5 mu buryo butaziguye hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe bizatandukira agaciro nyako. Kwiyitirira bihuye bigomba gukorwa mbere yo gupimwa. Ibi bintu nibintu bigira ingaruka kubyemezo bya BOD5. Harimo ibyuma biremereye nibindi bintu bifite ubumara bwa organic organique cyangwa organic, chlorine isigaye nibindi bintu bya okiside, agaciro ka pH kari hejuru cyane cyangwa kari hasi cyane, nibindi.
16. Kuki ari ngombwa gutera inshinge mugupima BOD5 yamazi mabi yinganda? Nigute ushobora gukingirwa?
Igenamigambi rya BOD5 ni uburyo bwo gukoresha ogisijeni ya biohimiki. Microorganismes mu byitegererezo by'amazi ikoresha ibintu kama mumazi nkintungamubiri kugirango ikure kandi yororoke. Muri icyo gihe, babora ibintu kama kandi bakarya ogisijeni yashonze mu mazi. Kubwibyo, icyitegererezo cyamazi kigomba kuba gifite urugero runaka rwa mikorobe ishobora gutesha agaciro ibinyabuzima birimo. ubushobozi bwa mikorobe.
Amazi y’inganda muri rusange arimo ibintu bitandukanye byuburozi, bishobora kubuza ibikorwa bya mikorobe. Kubwibyo, umubare wa mikorobe mvaruganda mumazi mabi yinganda ni muto cyane cyangwa ntanubwo abaho. Niba hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima imyanda ikungahaye kuri mikorobe ikoreshwa mumijyi, ibinyabuzima nyabyo mumazi mabi ntibishobora kuboneka, cyangwa byibuze bikaba bike. Kurugero, kuburugero rwamazi yavuwe hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe na sterisizione kandi pH iri hejuru cyane cyangwa iri hasi cyane, usibye gufata ingamba zabanje kuvurwa nko gukonjesha, kugabanya bagiteri, cyangwa guhindura agaciro ka pH, kugirango tumenye neza ibipimo bya BOD5, ingamba zifatika nazo zigomba gufatwa. Urukingo.
Iyo upimye BOD5 y'amazi mabi yinganda, niba ibirimo ibintu byuburozi ari binini cyane, imiti ikoreshwa rimwe na rimwe kuyikuraho; niba amazi yanduye ari acide cyangwa alkaline, igomba kubanza kubogama; kandi mubisanzwe icyitegererezo cyamazi kigomba kuvangwa mbere yuko gikoreshwa. Kugenwa nuburyo bwo kuyungurura. Ongeraho urugero rukwiye rwumuti wa inoculum urimo mikorobe yo mu kirere yororerwa mu cyitegererezo cy’amazi (nk’imvange ya tank ya aeration ikoreshwa mu gutunganya ubu bwoko bw’amazi mabi y’inganda) ni ugukora icyitegererezo cy’amazi kirimo umubare muto wa mikorobe ifite ubushobozi bwo gutesha agaciro organic ikibazo. Mu rwego rwo kubahiriza ibindi bisabwa mu gupima BOD5, izo mikorobe zikoreshwa mu kubora ibintu kama mu mazi y’inganda, kandi ogisijeni ikoreshwa n’icyitegererezo cy’amazi ipimwa iminsi 5 yo guhinga, kandi agaciro ka BOD5 k’amazi mabi y’inganda karashobora kuboneka. .
Amazi avanze yikigega cya aeration cyangwa imyanda yikigega cya kabiri cyimyanda yuruganda rutunganya imyanda nisoko nziza ya mikorobe kugirango hamenyekane BOD5 yamazi yanduye yinjira muruganda rutunganya imyanda. Gutera mu buryo butaziguye imyanda yo mu ngo, kubera ko hari ogisijeni nkeya cyangwa itashonga, ikunda kuvuka mikorobe ya anaerobic, kandi bisaba igihe kirekire cyo guhinga no kumenyekana. Kubwibyo, iki gisubizo cyemewe cya inoculum gikwiye gusa kumazi mabi yinganda zikenewe.
17. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwirinda gutegura amazi ya dilution mugihe upima BOD5?
Ubwiza bwamazi ya dilution bifite akamaro kanini kubisubizo byibipimo bya BOD5. Kubwibyo, birasabwa ko ogisijeni ikoresha amazi ya dilution muminsi 5 igomba kuba munsi ya 0.2mg / L, kandi nibyiza kuyigenzura munsi ya 0.1mg / L. Umwuka wa ogisijeni wamazi yatewe muminsi 5 ugomba kuba hagati ya 0.3 ~ 1.0mg / L.
Urufunguzo rwo kwemeza ubwiza bw’amazi y’amazi ni ukugenzura ibintu biri hasi y’ibintu kama n’ibiri munsi y’ibintu bibuza mikorobe. Kubwibyo, nibyiza gukoresha amazi yatoboye nkamazi yo kuyungurura. Ntabwo ari byiza gukoresha amazi meza akozwe muri ion yogusimbuza amazi nk'amazi yo kuyungurura, kubera ko amazi ya deiyonize akenshi arimo ibintu kama bitandukanijwe na resin. Niba amazi ya robine akoreshwa mugutegura amazi yatoboye arimo ibinyabuzima bimwe na bimwe bihindagurika, kugirango bibuze kuguma mumazi yatoboye, kwitegura gukuraho ibinyabuzima bigomba gukorwa mbere yo kubisiba. Mu mazi yatoboye akozwe mu ruganda rukora ibyuma, hagomba kwitonderwa kugenzura ibiyigize ion birimo kugirango hirindwe kubuza imyororokere na metabolisme ya mikorobe kandi bikagira ingaruka ku bisubizo bya BOD5.
Niba amazi ya dilution yakoreshejwe atujuje ibisabwa kugirango akoreshwe kuko arimo ibintu kama, ingaruka zirashobora kuvaho wongeyeho urugero rukwiye rwa inoculum ya tank ya aeration hanyuma ukayibika mubushyuhe bwicyumba cyangwa 20oC mugihe runaka. Ingano yo gukingirwa ishingiye ku ihame ry'uko ikoreshwa rya ogisijeni mu minsi 5 ari 0.1mg / L. Kurinda imyororokere ya algae, kubika bigomba gukorerwa mucyumba cyijimye. Niba hari imyanda mumazi avanze nyuma yo kubikwa, gusa ndengakamere irashobora gukoreshwa kandi imyanda irashobora gukurwaho no kuyungurura.
Kugirango hamenyekane neza ko ogisijeni yashonze mu mazi ya dilution yegereye kwiyuzuzamo, nibiba ngombwa, pompe vacuum cyangwa ejector yamazi irashobora gukoreshwa muguhumeka umwuka usukuye, compressor ya micro irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugutera umwuka usukuye, na ogisijeni. icupa rirashobora gukoreshwa mugutangiza ogisijeni nziza, hanyuma amazi ya ogisijeni Amazi avanze ashyirwa muri incubator ya 20oC mugihe runaka kugirango ogisijeni yashonze igere kuburinganire. Amazi yamazi ashyizwe mubushyuhe bwo mucyumba cyo hasi mugihe cy'itumba arashobora kuba arimo ogisijeni yashonze cyane, kandi ibinyuranye nukuri mubihe byubushyuhe bwinshi mugihe cyizuba. Kubwibyo, mugihe hari itandukaniro rikomeye hagati yubushyuhe bwicyumba na 20oC, bigomba gushyirwa muri incubator mugihe runaka kugirango bihungabanye nibidukikije byumuco. umwuka wa ogisijeni.
18. Nigute ushobora kumenya ibintu bitandukanya mugihe upima BOD5?
Niba ibintu bya dilution ari binini cyane cyangwa bito cyane, gukoresha ogisijeni muminsi 5 birashobora kuba bike cyangwa byinshi cyane, bikarenga urugero rusanzwe rwo gukoresha ogisijeni bigatuma igeragezwa ryananirana. Kubera ko ibipimo bya BOD5 ari birebire cyane, iyo ibintu nkibi bibaye, ntibishobora gusubirwamo uko biri. Kubwibyo, hagomba kwitabwaho cyane kumenya kugena ibintu.
Nubwo ibigize amazi mabi yinganda bigoye, igipimo cyagaciro ka BOD5 nagaciro ka CODCr mubusanzwe kiri hagati ya 0.2 na 0.8. Umubare w’amazi mabi ava mu gukora impapuro, gucapa no gusiga amarangi, n’inganda z’imiti ni make, mu gihe umubare w’amazi mabi ava mu nganda z’ibiribwa ari menshi. Iyo upimye BOD5 y'amazi amwe amwe arimo ibinyabuzima bya granulaire, nk'amazi yo mu bwoko bwa distiller yamazi, igipimo kizaba kiri hasi cyane kuko ibintu byangiza bigwa munsi y icupa ryumuco kandi ntibishobora kugira uruhare mubisubizo byibinyabuzima.
Kugena ibintu bya dilution bishingiye kubintu bibiri byerekana ko mugihe upimye BOD5, ogisijeni ikoreshwa muminsi 5 igomba kuba irenze 2mg / L naho ogisijeni isigaye yashonze igomba kuba irenze 1mg / L. KORA mumacupa yumuco kumunsi ukurikira kuyungurura ni 7 kugeza 8.5 mg / L. Dufashe ko ikoreshwa rya ogisijeni mu minsi 5 ari 4 mg / L, ibintu bitandukanya ni umusaruro w’agaciro ka CODCr hamwe na coefficient eshatu za 0.05, 0.1125, na 0.175. Kurugero, mugihe ukoresheje icupa ryumuco 250mL kugirango upime BOD5 yicyitegererezo cyamazi hamwe na CODCr ya 200mg / L, ibintu bitatu byo guhindagurika ni: ①200 × 0.005 = inshuro 10, ②200 × 0.1125 = inshuro 22.5, na ③200 × 0.175 = Inshuro 35. Niba hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhindagura mu buryo butaziguye, ingano y’amazi yatanzwe ni: ①250 ÷ 10 = 25mL, ②250 ÷ 22.5≈11mL, ③250 ÷ 35≈7mL.
Ufashe ingero n'umuco nkibi, hazabaho ibisubizo 1 kugeza kuri 2 byapimwe ibisubizo bya ogisijeni yashonze bikurikiza amahame abiri yavuzwe haruguru. Niba hari ibipimo bibiri bya dilution byubahiriza amahame yavuzwe haruguru, impuzandengo yabyo igomba gufatwa mugihe cyo kubara ibisubizo. Niba umwuka wa ogisijeni usigaye uri munsi ya 1 mg / L cyangwa na zeru, igipimo cyo kugabanuka kigomba kwiyongera. Niba ikoreshwa rya ogisijeni yashonze mugihe cyumuco itageze kuri 2mg / L, ikintu kimwe gishoboka nuko ibintu byogosha ari binini cyane; ikindi gishoboka nuko imiterere ya mikorobe idakwiye, ifite ibikorwa bibi, cyangwa kwibumbira mubintu byuburozi ni byinshi cyane. Muri iki gihe, hashobora no kubaho ibibazo nibintu binini byo kugabanuka. Icupa ryumuco rikoresha ogisijeni yashonze cyane.
Niba amazi yo kuyungurura ari amazi yo gukingira, kubera ko ogisijeni yakoresheje amazi yubusa ari 0.3 ~ 1.0mg / L, coefficient ya 0,05, 0.125 na 0.2.
Niba agaciro ka CODCr yihariye cyangwa igereranyo cyurugero rwamazi azwi, birashobora koroha gusesengura agaciro kayo BOD5 ukurikije ibintu byavuzwe haruguru. Iyo urugero rwa CODCr rwurugero rwamazi rutamenyekanye, kugirango ugabanye igihe cyo gusesengura, birashobora kugereranywa mugihe cyo gupima CODCr. Uburyo bwihariye ni: banza utegure igisubizo gisanzwe kirimo 0.4251g potasiyumu hydrogen phthalate kuri litiro (agaciro ka CODCr yiki gisubizo ni 500mg / L), hanyuma ukayungurura ukurikije agaciro ka CODCr ya 400mg / L, 300mg / L, na 200mg. / L, 100mg / L igisubizo cyoroshye. Pipette 20.0 mL yumuti usanzwe ufite CODCr ifite agaciro ka 100 mg / L kugeza 500 mg / L, ongeramo reagent ukurikije uburyo busanzwe, hanyuma upime agaciro ka CODCr. Nyuma yo gushyushya, guteka no kugaruka muminota 30, shyira mubisanzwe ubushyuhe bwicyumba hanyuma upfundike kandi ubike kugirango utegure urukurikirane rusanzwe rwamabara. Muburyo bwo gupima agaciro ka CODCr yintangarugero yamazi ukurikije uburyo busanzwe, mugihe ibibyimba bitetse bikomeje kuminota 30, gereranya nubushyuhe bwa CODCr busanzwe bwateganijwe kugirango ugereranye agaciro ka CODCr yicyitegererezo cyamazi, hanyuma umenye ibintu bya dilution mugihe ugerageza BOD5 ukurikije iyi. . Mugucapa no gusiga irangi, gukora impapuro, imiti nandi mazi mabi yinganda zirimo ibintu bigoye-gusya ibintu kama, nibiba ngombwa, kora isuzuma ryamabara nyuma yo guteka no kugaruka muminota 60.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-21-2023
