62.Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gupima cyanide?
Uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo gusesengura cyanide ni titre ya volumetric hamwe na spekitifotometometrie. GB7486-87 na GB7487-87 byerekana uburyo bwo kugena cyanide yose hamwe na cyanide. Uburyo bwa titre ya volumetricike burakwiriye mu gusesengura urugero rwamazi ya cyanide yibanze cyane, hamwe na metero 1 kugeza 100 mg / L; uburyo bwa spekitifotometometrike burimo aside isonicotinic aside-pyrazolone colorimetric nuburyo bwa arsine-barbituric aside colimetric. Irakwiriye gusesengura urugero rwamazi ya cyanide yibanze cyane, hamwe nurugero rwa 0.004 ~ 0.25mg / L.
Ihame rya titre ya volumetric nugutanga titre hamwe na nitrate isanzwe ya silver. Cyanide ion na nitrate ya silver itanga ifumbire ya silver cyanide igoye. Iyoni ya feza irenze ifata igisubizo cya silver chloride yerekana igisubizo, kandi igisubizo gihinduka kuva kumuhondo ugahinduka orange-umutuku. Ihame rya spekitifotometrie ni uko mubihe bidafite aho bibogamiye, cyanide ifata hamwe na chloramine T ikora chloride ya cyanogene, hanyuma igakora na apyridine ikora glutenedialdehyde, ikora na apyridinone cyangwa barbine acide Tomic itanga irangi ry'ubururu cyangwa umutuku-umutuku, n'uburebure bwubujyakuzimu. ibara rihwanye nibirimo cyanide.
Hariho ibintu bimwe bibangamira ibipimo byitirirwa hamwe na spropropotometometrie, kandi ingamba zo kwitegura nko kongeramo imiti yihariye na pre-distillation mubisanzwe. Iyo kwibanda kubintu bivangavanze atari binini cyane, intego irashobora kugerwaho gusa mbere yo kubishiramo.
63. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwirinda gupima cyanide?
YCyanide ni uburozi bukabije, kandi arsenic nayo ni uburozi. Ugomba kwitonda cyane mugihe cyibikorwa byo gusesengura, kandi bigomba gukorerwa muri fume hood kugirango wirinde kwanduza uruhu namaso. Iyo kwibumbira hamwe mubintu bibangamira icyitegererezo cyamazi bitaba binini cyane, cyanide yoroshye ihinduka hydrogène cyanide hanyuma ikarekurwa mumazi ikoresheje pre-distillation mubihe bya acide, hanyuma igakusanywa hifashishijwe sodium hydroxide yoza, hanyuma ikoroha. cyanide ihinduka hydrogène cyanide. Tandukanya cyanide yoroshye na cyanide igoye, ongera ubunini bwa cyanide hamwe nubushakashatsi buke.
⑵ Niba intumbero yibintu bibangamira ingero zamazi ari nini, hagomba kubanza gufatwa ingamba zifatika kugirango bikureho ingaruka zabyo. Kubaho kwa okiside bizabora cyanide. Niba ukeka ko mumazi harimo okiside mumazi, urashobora kongeramo urugero rwa sodiumi thiosulfate kugirango ukureho. Ingero zamazi zigomba kubikwa mumacupa ya polyethylene hanyuma zigasesengurwa mumasaha 24 nyuma yo gukusanya. Nibiba ngombwa, sodium hydroxide ikomeye cyangwa hydroxide ya sodium yibanze igomba kongerwaho kugirango hongerwe pH agaciro kicyitegererezo cyamazi kugera kuri 12 ~ 12.5.
⑶ Mugihe cyo gusibanganya aside, sulfide irashobora guhumeka muburyo bwa hydrogène sulfide hanyuma ikinjizwa namazi ya alkali, bityo igomba gukurwaho mbere. Hariho uburyo bubiri bwo gukuraho sulfure. Imwe muriyo ni ukongeramo okiside idashobora okiside CN- (nka potasiyumu permanganate) mugihe cya acide kugirango okiside S2- hanyuma ikayitandukanya; ikindi nukongeramo urugero rukwiye rwa CdCO3 cyangwa CbCO3 ifu ikomeye kugirango itange ibyuma. Sulfide iragwa, kandi imvura irayungurura hanyuma ikayungurura.
UringMu gihe cyo gusibanganya aside, ibintu byamavuta nabyo birashobora guhumeka. Muri iki gihe, urashobora gukoresha (1 + 9) acide acetike kugirango uhindure pH agaciro kicyitegererezo cyamazi kuri 6 ~ 7, hanyuma uhite wongeraho 20% yubunini bwikigereranyo cyamazi kuri hexane cyangwa chloroform. Gukuramo (ntabwo inshuro nyinshi), hanyuma uhite ukoresha igisubizo cya sodium hydroxide kugirango uzamure pH agaciro kicyitegererezo cyamazi kuri 12 ~ 12.5 hanyuma ukayungurura.
⑸ Mugihe cyo gusibanganya aside urugero rwamazi arimo karubone nyinshi, dioxyde de carbone izarekurwa kandi ikusanyirizwe hamwe na sodium hydroxide yo gukaraba, bigira ingaruka kubipimo. Iyo uhuye n’umwanda mwinshi wa karubone, hydroxide ya calcium irashobora gukoreshwa mu mwanya wa sodium hydroxide kugirango ikosore icyitegererezo cy’amazi, ku buryo agaciro ka pH k’icyitegererezo cy’amazi kiyongera kuri 12 ~ 12.5 hanyuma nyuma y’imvura, ndengakamere isukwa mu icupa ry’icyitegererezo .
⑹ Iyo upimye cyanide ukoresheje Photometrie, pH agaciro k'igisubizo cya reaction igira ingaruka itaziguye yo kwinjiza ibara. Kubwibyo rero, alkali yibanze kumuti wo gukuramo igomba kugenzurwa cyane kandi ubushobozi bwa buffer bwa fosifate bugomba kwitabwaho. Nyuma yo kongeramo umubare runaka wa buffer, hagomba kwitonderwa kumenya niba urwego rwiza rwa pH rushobora kugerwaho. Byongeye kandi, nyuma yo gutegura buffer ya fosifate, agaciro kayo pH igomba gupimwa na metero pH kugirango harebwe niba yujuje ibisabwa kugirango wirinde gutandukana kwinshi bitewe na reagent zanduye cyangwa ahari amazi ya kirisiti.
ChangeIhinduka ryibintu bya chlorine biboneka muri ammonium chloride T nayo ni impamvu isanzwe yo kumenya cyanide idahwitse. Iyo nta terambere ryamabara cyangwa iterambere ryibara ntabwo ari umurongo kandi ibyiyumvo biri hasi, usibye gutandukana mugiciro cya pH cyigisubizo, akenshi bifitanye isano nubwiza bwa ammonium chloride T. Kubwibyo, ibirimo chlorine iboneka ya amonium chloride T igomba kuba hejuru ya 11%. Niba yarangiritse cyangwa ifite imvura iguye nyuma yo kwitegura, ntishobora kongera gukoreshwa.
64.Ibinyabuzima ni iki?
Mubikorwa byo gutunganya ibinyabuzima byo mu kirere, hatitawe ku miterere yimiterere nuburyo bigenda, ibintu kama kama mumazi yanduye bihindurwamo okiside kandi bigacika mubintu kama kama binyuze mubikorwa bya metabolike yibikorwa bya mikorobe hamwe na mikorobe ya biofilm muri sisitemu yo kuvura. Gutyo amazi yanduye arasukurwa. Ubwiza bwimyanda yatunganijwe ifitanye isano nubwoko, ubwinshi nibikorwa bya metabolike ya mikorobe igizwe na siliveri ikora na biofilm. Igishushanyo mbonera n’imicungire yimikorere ya buri munsi yuburyo bwo gutunganya amazi mabi ahanini ni ugutanga ubuzima bwiza bwimibereho ya mikorobe ikora na mikorobe ya biofilm kugirango ibashe gukoresha imbaraga za metabolike.
Mubikorwa byo gutunganya ibinyabuzima byamazi y’amazi, ibinyabuzima ni itsinda ryuzuye: isuka ikora igizwe na mikorobe itandukanye, kandi mikorobe zitandukanye zigomba gukorana hagati yazo kandi zikaba zituye ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije. Ubwoko butandukanye bwa mikorobe ifite amategeko akura muri sisitemu yo kuvura ibinyabuzima. Kurugero, iyo kwibumbira mubintu kama ari byinshi, bagiteri zirisha ibinyabuzima byiganje kandi mubisanzwe bifite umubare munini wa mikorobe. Iyo umubare wa bagiteri ari munini, protozoa igaburira bagiteri byanze bikunze izagaragara, hanyuma micrometazoa igaburira bagiteri na protozoa.
Uburyo bwo gukura kwa mikorobe mvaruganda ikora bifasha gusobanukirwa nubwiza bwamazi yuburyo bwo gutunganya amazi mabi binyuze muri mikorosikopi. Niba umubare munini wibendera wabonetse mugihe cyo gusuzuma microscopique, bivuze ko kwibumbira mubintu kama mumazi mabi bikiri byinshi kandi birakenewe ko havurwa ubundi buryo; iyo ciliates yo koga iboneka mugihe cyo gusuzuma microscopique, bivuze ko amazi mabi yatunganijwe kurwego runaka; iyo siliile ciliates ibonetse mugupima microscopique, Iyo umubare wa ciliates wo koga ari muto, bivuze ko hari ibintu bike cyane na bagiteri byubusa mumazi y’amazi, kandi amazi mabi yegereye ahamye; iyo rotiferi ibonetse munsi ya microscope, bivuze ko ubwiza bwamazi buhagaze neza.
65.Mikorosikopi ya biografiya ni iki? umurimo ni uwuhe?
Microscopi ya biophase irashobora gukoreshwa gusa mukugereranya imiterere rusange yubuziranenge bwamazi. Ni ikizamini cyujuje ubuziranenge kandi ntigishobora gukoreshwa nkigipimo cyo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’imyanda iva mu nganda zitunganya amazi. Kugirango ukurikirane impinduka zikurikirana za microfauna, kubara nabyo birasabwa.
Amashanyarazi akoreshwa na biofilm nibintu byingenzi bigize gutunganya amazi y’ibinyabuzima. Imikurire, imyororokere, ibikorwa bya metabolike ya mikorobe mvaruganda hamwe nuruhererekane hagati yubwoko bwa mikorobe birashobora kwerekana neza uburyo bwo kuvura. Ugereranije no kumenya ibinyabuzima byibanze hamwe nubumara, microscopi ya biofase iroroshye cyane. Urashobora gusobanukirwa nimpinduka nubwiyongere bwabaturage no kugabanuka kwa protozoa mumashanyarazi igihe icyo aricyo cyose, bityo rero urashobora kubanza kumenya urugero rwo kweza imyanda cyangwa ubwiza bwamazi yinjira. kandi niba imikorere ikora ari ibisanzwe. Kubwibyo, usibye gukoresha uburyo bwumubiri nubumashini kugirango bipime imiterere yimyanda ikora, urashobora kandi gukoresha microscope kugirango witegereze morphologie yumuntu ku giti cye, imikurire yimikurire hamwe nubwinshi bwa mikorobe kugirango ucire urubanza imikorere yo gutunganya amazi mabi, kugirango umenye ibintu bidasanzwe ibintu hakiri kare kandi ufate ingamba mugihe. Hagomba gufatwa ingamba zikwiye zo guhangana n’imikorere ihamye y’igikoresho cyo kuvura no kunoza ingaruka zo kuvura.
66. Tugomba kwitondera iki mugihe twitegereje ibinyabuzima bigenda bikura?
Indorerezi ntoya ni ukureba ishusho yuzuye yicyiciro cyibinyabuzima. Witondere ubunini bwa flock flock, ubukana bwimiterere ya silige, igipimo cya bagiteri ya bagiteri na bagiteri zanduye hamwe nimiterere yo gukura, hanyuma wandike kandi utange ibisobanuro bikenewe. . Amashanyarazi hamwe nini nini ya sludge ifite imikorere myiza yo gutuza no guhangana ningaruka zikomeye.
Amashanyarazi ashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu ukurikije impuzandengo yabo ya diametre: ibishishwa bya siliveri bifite impuzandengo ya diametre> 500 μm byitwa ibinini binini,<150 μm are small-grained sludge, and those between 150 500 medium-grained sludge. .
Ibiranga ibibyimba bya silike bivuga imiterere, imiterere, ubukana bwibibabi byumubare numubare wa bagiteri zanduye mumase. Mugihe cyo kwisuzumisha kuri microscopique, ibibyimba bitembera hafi yizuba bishobora kwitwa uruziga ruzengurutse, naho ibitandukanye rwose nuburyo buzengurutse byitwa floc-shusho idasanzwe.
Umuyoboro wubusa muri flocs ihujwe no guhagarikwa hanze ya floc bita ibyubatswe, naho abadafite icyuho gifunguye bita ibyuma bifunze. Bagiteri ya micelle muri floc itunganijwe neza, kandi abafite imbibi zisobanutse hagati yimpande za floc hamwe no guhagarikwa hanze byitwa flocs ikomeye, mugihe abafite impande zidasobanutse bita flocs.
Imyitozo yerekanye ko uruziga ruzengurutse, rufunze, kandi rworoshye byoroshye guhuza no kwibanda hamwe, kandi bifite imikorere myiza yo gutuza. Bitabaye ibyo, imikorere yo gutuza irakennye.
67. Tugomba kwitondera iki mugihe twitegereje ibinyabuzima bikura cyane?
Urebye hamwe no gukuza cyane, urashobora gukomeza kubona imiterere yimiterere yinyamaswa nto. Iyo witegereje, ugomba kwitondera isura n'imiterere y'inyamanswa nto, nko kumenya niba hari uturemangingo twibiryo mumubiri winzoka zinzogera, guhindagurika kwa ciliates, nibindi. Iyo witegereje ibibyimba bya jele, ugomba kwitondera umubyimba n'amabara ya jele, igipimo cya jelly nshya, nibindi. Iyo witegereje bagiteri zanduye, witondere niba hari ibintu bya lipide hamwe nuduce twa sulferi byegeranijwe muri bagiteri zanduye. Muri icyo gihe, witondere gahunda, imiterere n'ibikorwa biranga ingirabuzimafatizo ziri muri bagiteri zanduye kugirango ubanze umenye ubwoko bwa bagiteri zanduye (kurushaho kumenya bagiteri zanduye). ubwoko busaba gukoresha lisansi yamavuta hamwe no gusiga ibyitegererezo byakozwe).
68. Nigute washyira mikorobe mikorobe mugihe cyo kureba ibinyabuzima?
Microorganisme ya firimu munganda zikora zirimo bagiteri zanduye, fungi zo mu bwoko bwa algae (cyanobacteria) nizindi selile zifitanye isano kandi zikora thalli. Muri byo, bagiteri zanduye ni zo zikunze kugaragara. Hamwe na bagiteri ziri mumatsinda ya colloidal, Igize igice cyingenzi cyibikorwa bya sludge floc. Indwara ya bagiteri ifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo guhumeka no kubora ibintu kama. Nyamara, bitewe nubuso bunini bwihariye bwa bagiteri zanduye, mugihe bagiteri zanduye mumyanda zirenze ubwinshi bwa bagiteri ya jelly kandi zikiganje mu mikurire, bagiteri zimuka zizava mumatungo zijya mumazi. Kwaguka hanze bizabangamira ubumwe hagati ya flocs kandi byongere agaciro SV nagaciro ka SVI ya sludge. Mubihe bikomeye, bizatera kwaguka. Kubwibyo, umubare wa bagiteri zanduye nicyo kintu cyingenzi kigira ingaruka kumikorere.
Ukurikije igipimo cya bagiteri zanduye na bagiteri ya gelatine mu mashanyarazi, bagiteri zishobora kugabanywa mu byiciro bitanu: ①00 - hafi ya nta bagiteri zanduye ziri mu kavuyo; ② ± urwego - hari umubare muto wa nta bagiteri zanduza mumase. Icyiciro ③ + - Hariho umubare uringaniye wa bagiteri zo mu bwoko bwa bagiteri, kandi umubare wose uri munsi ya bagiteri ziri muri jelly; Icyiciro ④ ++ - Hariho umubare munini wa bagiteri zanduye mumashanyarazi, kandi igiteranyo cyose kingana na bagiteri ziri muri misa ya jelly; ⑤ ++ Icyiciro - Amashanyarazi ya sludge afite bagiteri zanduye nka skeleti, kandi umubare wa bagiteri urenze cyane ya bagiteri ya micelle.
69. Ni izihe mpinduka ziterwa na mikorobe ikora zigomba kwitabwaho mugihe cyo kureba ibinyabuzima?
Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwa mikorobe mvaruganda ikora ibihingwa bitunganya imyanda yo mumijyi. Biroroshye cyane kumva imiterere ya siliveri ikora witegereza impinduka zubwoko bwa mikorobe, imiterere, ingano hamwe na leta zigenda. Nyamara, kubera impamvu z’amazi meza, mikorobe zimwe na zimwe ntizishobora kugaragara mu kajagari gakoreshwa mu nganda zitunganya amazi y’inganda, ndetse hashobora no kubaho inyamaswa nto na gato. Ni ukuvuga, ibyiciro byibinyabuzima byinganda zitandukanye zitunganya amazi mabi yinganda ziratandukanye cyane.
⑴Imihindagurikire yubwoko bwa mikorobe
Ubwoko bwa mikorobe mvaruganda bizahinduka hamwe nubwiza bwamazi nibikorwa. Mugihe cyo guhinga imyanda, nkuko isuka ikora igenda ikora buhoro buhoro, imyanda ihinduka kuva mu gihuru ikajya isukurwa, kandi mikorobe mvaruganda zigenda zihindagurika. Mugihe gikora gisanzwe, impinduka zubwoko bwa mikorobe nazo zikurikiza amategeko amwe, kandi impinduka zimikorere zirashobora guterwa nimpinduka zubwoko bwa mikorobe. Kurugero, mugihe imiterere ya silige ihindutse irekuye, hazaba hari ciliates nyinshi zo koga, kandi mugihe imivurungano yimyanda iba mibi, amibe na flagellates bizagaragara kumubare munini.
HangIhinduka mubikorwa bya mikorobe
Iyo ubwiza bw’amazi buhindutse, ibikorwa byimikorere ya mikorobe nabyo bizahinduka, ndetse nuburyo imiterere ya mikorobe izahinduka hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’amazi mabi. Dufashe nk'inzoga nk'urugero, umuvuduko wa cilia uzunguruka, ingano y'ibiribwa byinshi byegeranijwe mu mubiri, ingano ya telesikopi ya telesikopi nizindi shusho byose bizahinduka hamwe nimpinduka mubidukikije bikura. Iyo umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga mumazi ari muremure cyane cyangwa muke cyane, vacuole ikunze kuva mumutwe winzoka. Iyo hari ibintu byinshi byangiritse mumazi yinjira cyangwa ubushyuhe buri hasi cyane, inzoka zo mu isaha zidakora, kandi uduce duto twibiryo dushobora kwegeranya mumibiri yabo, amaherezo bikazana urupfu rwudukoko twatewe n'uburozi. Iyo pH agaciro gahindutse, cilia kumubiri wigisimba cyihagarika guhagarika.
⑶Ihinduka mu mubare wa mikorobe
Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwa mikorobe mvaruganda ikora, ariko impinduka mumibare ya mikorobe zimwe na zimwe zirashobora kwerekana impinduka zubwiza bwamazi. Kurugero, bagiteri zifite akamaro kanini mugihe zihari mugihe gikwiye mugihe gikora gisanzwe, ariko kuba nyinshi kwayo bizatuma igabanuka ryumubyimba wa bagiteri, kwaguka kwinshi, hamwe nubwiza bw’amazi meza. Kugaragara kw'ibendera mu mikorere ikora byerekana ko isuka itangira gukura no kubyara, ariko kwiyongera k'umubare w'ibendera akenshi ni ikimenyetso cyo kugabanya uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura. Kugaragara k'umubare munini w'inzoka ni rusange mu kwerekana imikurire ikuze ya siliveri ikora. Muri iki gihe, ingaruka zo kuvura ni nziza, kandi umubare muto cyane wa rotiferi ushobora kugaragara icyarimwe. Niba umubare munini wa rotiferi ugaragara mumashanyarazi akoreshwa, akenshi bivuze ko isuka ishaje cyangwa ikarenza urugero, hanyuma rero umwanda urashobora gusenyuka kandi ubwiza bwamazi bushobora kwangirika.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-08-2023
