19. Ni bangahe uburyo bwo kuvoma amazi buhari iyo bapima BOD5? Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwirinda?
Iyo upima BOD5, uburyo bwo kuvoma amazi bigabanyijemo ubwoko bubiri: uburyo rusange bwo kuyungurura nuburyo bwo kuyungurura. Uburyo rusange bwo gusohora busaba amazi menshi yo kuyungurura cyangwa amazi yo gutera.
Uburyo rusange bwo kuyungurura ni ukongeramo hafi 500mL y'amazi ya dilution cyangwa gutera inshinge amazi ya silinderi ya 1L cyangwa 2L, hanyuma ukongeramo ingano yabazwe y'icyitegererezo cy'amazi, ukongeramo andi mazi ya dilution cyangwa amazi yo gutera inshinge ku gipimo cyuzuye, hanyuma ugakoresha reberi kumpera kugeza Uruziga rw'ikirahuri ruzunguruka buhoro cyangwa hejuru munsi y'amazi. Hanyuma, koresha sifoni kugirango winjize igisubizo kivanze cyicyitegererezo cyamazi mumacupa yumuco, wuzuze amazi make, wuzuze witonze icupa, hanyuma ushireho amazi. Umunwa w'icupa. Kuburugero rwamazi hamwe nikigereranyo cya kabiri cyangwa icya gatatu, igisubizo gisigaye gishobora gukoreshwa. Nyuma yo kubara, umubare munini wamazi ya dilution cyangwa amazi yanduye arashobora kongerwamo, kuvangwa no kwinjizwa mumacupa yumuco muburyo bumwe.
Uburyo bwa dilution butaziguye ni ukubanza kwinjiza hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyamazi yamazi ya dilution cyangwa gutera inshinge mumazi mumacupa yumuco yubunini buzwi ukoresheje sifone, hanyuma ugatera inshinge zicyitegererezo cyamazi kigomba kongerwa kuri buri gacupa k’umuco kibarwa hashingiwe ku kuyungurura. ikintu ku rukuta rw'icupa. , hanyuma ushyireho amazi ya dilution cyangwa utere amazi ya dilution kumacupa, funga witonze icupa, hanyuma ushireho umunwa w'icupa n'amazi.
Mugihe ukoresheje uburyo bwa dilution butaziguye, hagomba kwitonderwa byumwihariko kutamenyekanisha amazi ya dilution cyangwa gutera amazi ya dilution vuba vuba. Mugihe kimwe, birakenewe gucukumbura amategeko yimikorere yo kumenyekanisha ingano nziza kugirango wirinde amakosa yatewe no kurengerwa cyane.
Nuburyo ki bwakoreshwa, mugihe winjije icyitegererezo cyamazi mumacupa yumuco, igikorwa kigomba kwitonda kugirango wirinde ibibyimba, umwuka ushonga mumazi cyangwa ogisijeni ihunga amazi. Muri icyo gihe, menya neza ko witonda mugihe ufashe icupa cyane kugirango wirinde ibyuka bihumeka bisigaye mu icupa, bishobora kugira ingaruka kubipimo byo gupima. Iyo icupa ryumuco ritezimbere muri incubator, kashe yamazi igomba kugenzurwa burimunsi kandi ikuzuzwa amazi mugihe kugirango amazi adashiramo guhinduka kandi yemerera umwuka kwinjira mumacupa. Mubyongeyeho, ingano yamacupa abiri yumuco yakoreshejwe mbere na nyuma yiminsi 5 igomba kuba imwe kugirango igabanye amakosa.
20. Ni ibihe bibazo bishoboka bishobora kuvuka mugupima BOD5?
Iyo BOD5 ipimye ku masoko ya sisitemu yo gutunganya imyanda hamwe na nitrifasiya, kubera ko irimo bagiteri nyinshi za nitrifingi, ibisubizo byo gupima birimo ogisijeni ikenera ibintu birimo azote nka azote ya amoniya. Iyo bibaye ngombwa gutandukanya umwuka wa ogisijeni ukenera ibintu bya karubone hamwe na ogisijeni ikenera ibintu bya azote mu ngero z’amazi, uburyo bwo kongeramo inzitiramubiri mu mazi y’amazi arashobora gukoreshwa mu gukuraho nitrifasiya mu gihe cyo kugena BOD5. Kurugero, wongeyeho 10mg 2-chloro-6- (trichloromethyl) pyridine cyangwa 10mg propenyl thiourea, nibindi.
BOD5 / CODCr yegereye 1 cyangwa irenze 1, akenshi byerekana ko hari ikosa mugikorwa cyo kwipimisha. Buri muhuza wikizamini ugomba gusubirwamo, kandi hagomba kwitabwaho cyane niba icyitegererezo cyamazi cyafashwe kimwe. Birashobora kuba ibisanzwe kuri BOD5 / CODMn kuba hafi ya 1 cyangwa ndetse ikarenza 1, kubera ko urugero rwa okiside yibigize ibinyabuzima mu ngero z’amazi na potasiyumu permanganate iri munsi cyane ugereranije na potasiyumu dichromate. Agaciro CODMn yicyitegererezo cyamazi amwe rimwe na rimwe iba munsi yagaciro ka CODCr. byinshi.
Iyo hari ibintu bisanzwe byerekana ko ibintu byinshi bigenda byiyongera kandi bikaba bifite agaciro ka BOD5, impamvu ni uko icyitegererezo cyamazi kirimo ibintu bibuza gukura no kubyara mikorobe. Iyo ibintu byo kugabanuka ari bike, igipimo cyibintu bibuza bikubiye mu cyitegererezo cy’amazi ni kinini, bigatuma bidashoboka ko bagiteri ikora biodegradation nziza, bikavamo ibisubizo bike byo gupima BOD5. Muri iki gihe, hagomba kuboneka ibice byihariye cyangwa ibitera ibintu bya antibacterial, kandi hagomba gukorwa uburyo bwiza bwo kubirandura cyangwa kubihisha mbere yo gupimwa.
Iyo BOD5 / CODCr iri hasi, nko munsi ya 0.2 cyangwa munsi ya 0.1, niba urugero rwamazi yapimwe ari amazi mabi yinganda, birashobora kuba kubera ko ibinyabuzima biri murugero rwamazi bifite ibinyabuzima bidashobora kwangirika. Nyamara, niba urugero rwamazi yapimwe ari imyanda yo mumijyi cyangwa ivanze n’amazi mabi y’inganda, akaba ari igipimo cy’imyanda yo mu ngo, ntabwo ari ukubera ko icyitegererezo cy’amazi kirimo ibintu by’ubumara bw’imiti cyangwa antibiotike, ariko impamvu zikunze kugaragara ni agaciro ka pH kutabogamye. no kuba hari fungiside ya chlorine isigaye. Kugirango wirinde amakosa, mugihe cyo gupima BOD5, agaciro ka pH k'icyitegererezo cy'amazi n'amazi yo kugabanura bigomba guhinduka kuri 7 na 7.2. Igenzura ryinzira rigomba gukorwa kuburugero rwamazi ashobora kuba arimo okiside nka chlorine isigaye.
21. Ni ibihe bipimo byerekana intungamubiri z’ibimera mu mazi mabi?
Intungamubiri z'ibihingwa zirimo azote, fosifore n'ibindi bintu bikenerwa mu mikurire no gukura. Intungamubiri ziciriritse zirashobora guteza imbere imikurire y’ibinyabuzima na mikorobe. Intungamubiri nyinshi z’ibimera zinjira mu mubiri w’amazi bizatera algae kugwira mu mubiri w’amazi, bikavamo ikintu bita "eutrophication", kizarushaho kwangiza ubwiza bw’amazi, kigira ingaruka ku musaruro w’uburobyi kandi cyangiza ubuzima bw’abantu. Eutrophasi ikabije yibiyaga bigari irashobora gushikana ibiyaga no gupfa.
Muri icyo gihe, intungamubiri z’ibimera ningingo zingenzi mu mikurire no kubyara mikorobe mvaruganda ikora, kandi ni ikintu cyingenzi kijyanye nimikorere isanzwe yuburyo bwo kuvura ibinyabuzima. Kubwibyo, ibipimo byintungamubiri byibimera mumazi bikoreshwa nkigipimo cyingenzi cyo kugenzura ibikorwa bisanzwe byo gutunganya imyanda.
Ibipimo by’amazi byerekana intungamubiri z’ibimera mu mwanda ni ibice bya azote (nka azote kama, azote ya ammonia, nitrite na nitrate, nibindi) hamwe na fosifore (nka fosifore yose, fosifeti, nibindi). Mubikorwa bisanzwe byo gutunganya imyanda, mubisanzwe ni Monitor ya azote ya ammonia na fosifate mumazi yinjira kandi asohoka. Ku ruhande rumwe, ni ugukomeza imikorere isanzwe yo kuvura ibinyabuzima, ku rundi ruhande, ni ukumenya niba imyanda yujuje ubuziranenge bw’igihugu.
22.Ni ibihe bipimo byerekana amazi meza ya azote ikoreshwa cyane? Bifitanye isano bite?
Ibipimo ngenderwaho byamazi akoreshwa byerekana azote mu mazi harimo azote yuzuye, azote ya Kjeldahl, azote ya amoniya, nitrite na nitrate.
Azote ya Amoniya ni azote ibaho muburyo bwa NH3 na NH4 + mumazi. Nibintu byambere byintambwe yo kwangirika kwa okiside yangiza ibinyabuzima bya azote kandi ni ikimenyetso cyumwanda. Azote ya Amoniya irashobora guhindurwamo nitrite (igaragazwa nka NO2-) ikoresheje bagiteri ya nitrite, na nitrite irashobora guhinduka okiside muri nitrate (igaragazwa nka NO3-) ikoresheje bagiteri ya nitrate. Nitrate irashobora kandi kugabanuka kuri nitrite ikorwa na mikorobe mu bidukikije bitagira ogisijeni. Iyo azote iri mumazi iba muburyo bwa nitrate, irashobora kwerekana ko ibirimo ibinyabuzima birimo azote biri mumazi ari bito cyane kandi umubiri wamazi ugeze kwiyeza.
Igiteranyo cya azote kama na azote ya ammonia irashobora gupimwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa Kjeldahl (GB 11891–89). Azote irimo urugero rwamazi yapimwe nuburyo bwa Kjeldahl nayo yitwa azote ya Kjeldahl, bityo azote azwi cyane ya Kjeldahl ni azote ya amoniya. na azote kama. Nyuma yo gukuraho azote ya ammonia kurugero rwamazi, noneho bipimwa nuburyo bwa Kjeldahl. Agaciro gapimwe ni azote kama. Niba azote ya Kjeldahl na azote bipimye ukundi mubitegererezo by'amazi, itandukaniro na azote kama. Azote ya Kjeldahl irashobora gukoreshwa nkigipimo cyo kugenzura ibipimo bya azote biri mu mazi yinjira y’ibikoresho byo gutunganya imyanda, kandi birashobora no gukoreshwa nkikimenyetso cyerekana kugenzura eutrophasi y’amazi asanzwe nkinzuzi, ibiyaga ninyanja.
Azote yose hamwe ni igiteranyo cya azote kama, azote ya amoniya, azote ya nitrite na azote ya azote mu mazi, akaba ari umubare wa azote ya Kjeldahl na azote yose. Azote yose, azote ya nitrite na azote ya nitrate byose birashobora gupimwa ukoresheje spekitifotometometrie. Ushaka uburyo bwo gusesengura azote ya nitrite, reba GB7493-87, kuburyo bwo gusesengura azote ya nitrate, reba GB7480-87, hamwe nuburyo bwose bwo gusesengura azote, reba GB 11894- -89. Azote yuzuye igereranya igiteranyo cya azote mumazi. Ni ikimenyetso cyingenzi cyo kurwanya umwanda w’amazi n’ibintu byingenzi bigenzura uburyo bwo gutunganya imyanda.
23. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwirinda azote ya amoniya?
Uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo kumenya azote ya amoniya ni uburyo bwa colimetricique, aribwo buryo bwa Nessler bwa reagent colorimetric (GB 7479–87) hamwe na salicylic aside-hypochlorite (GB 7481–87). Ingero zamazi zirashobora kubikwa na acide hamwe na acide sulfurike yibanze. Uburyo bwihariye nugukoresha acide sulfurike yibanze kugirango uhindure pH agaciro kurugero rwamazi hagati ya 1.5 na 2, hanyuma ubibike mubidukikije 4oC. Ibipimo byibuze byerekana uburyo bwa Nessler reagent uburyo bwa colimetric nuburyo bwa salicylic aside-hypochlorite ni 0.05mg / L na 0.01mg / L (ubarwa muri N). Iyo upimye urugero rwamazi hamwe nubunini buri hejuru ya 0.2mg / L Iyo, uburyo bwa volumetric (CJ / T75–1999) burashobora gukoreshwa. Kugirango ubone ibisubizo nyabyo, uko uburyo bwo gusesengura bwakoreshwa, icyitegererezo cyamazi kigomba kubanza gutoborwa mugihe cyo gupima azote ya amoniya.
Agaciro pH k'amazi ntangarugero afite uruhare runini mukumenya ammonia. Niba agaciro ka pH ari hejuru cyane, bimwe birimo azote irimo ibinyabuzima bizahinduka ammonia. Niba agaciro ka pH kari hasi cyane, igice cya ammonia kizaguma mumazi mugihe cyo gushyushya no kuyungurura. Kugirango tubone ibisubizo nyabyo, icyitegererezo cyamazi kigomba guhindurwa kidafite aho kibogamiye mbere yo gusesengura. Niba icyitegererezo cyamazi ari acide cyangwa alkaline, agaciro ka pH karashobora guhindurwa kutagira aho kibogamiye hamwe na hydroxide ya sodium ya 1mol / L cyangwa 1mol / L ya sulfurike. Noneho ongeramo fosifate buffer igisubizo kugirango ugumane agaciro ka pH kuri 7.4, hanyuma ukore distillation. Nyuma yo gushyushya, ammonia iva mumazi muburyo bwa gaze. Muri iki gihe, 0.01 ~ 0.02mol / L ya acide sulfurike (uburyo bwa fenol-hypochlorite) cyangwa 2% ya acide ya boric (uburyo bwa reagent ya Nessler) ikoreshwa mu kuyakira.
Kuburugero rwamazi amwe arimo Ca2 + nini, nyuma yo kongeramo igisubizo cya fosifate, Ca2 + na PO43- kubyara Ca3 (PO43-) 2 idashobora gushonga no kurekura H + muri fosifate, igabanya agaciro ka pH. Ikigaragara ni uko izindi Ions zishobora kugwa hamwe na fosifate nazo zirashobora kugira ingaruka kuri pH agaciro k'icyitegererezo cy'amazi mugihe cyo kuyungurura. Muyandi magambo, kubwurugero rwamazi nkaya, niyo agaciro ka pH kahinduwe kubutabogamye kandi igisubizo cya fosifate yongeweho, agaciro ka pH kazaba kari munsi yicyagaciro giteganijwe. Kubwibyo, kuburugero rwamazi atazwi, ongera upime agaciro pH nyuma yo kuyungurura. Niba agaciro ka pH katari hagati ya 7.2 na 7.6, umubare wibisubizo bigomba kwiyongera. Mubisanzwe, mL 10 yumuti wa fosifate ugomba kongerwamo buri mg 250 ya calcium.
24. Ni ibihe bipimo byerekana ubuziranenge bw’amazi byerekana ibikubiye muri fosifore irimo amazi? Bifitanye isano bite?
Fosifore ni kimwe mu bintu bikenewe mu mikurire y’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi. Hafi ya fosifore mumazi ibaho muburyo butandukanye bwa fosifate, kandi umubare muto ubaho muburyo bwa fosifore kama. Fosifate mu mazi irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri: orthophosifate na fosifeti yegeranye. Orthophosifate bivuga fosifeti ibaho muburyo bwa PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, nibindi, mugihe fosifate yegeranye irimo pyrofosifate na aside metafosifike. Umunyu hamwe na fosifike ya polymeriki, nka P2O74-, P3O105-, HP3O92-, (PO3) 63-, nibindi. Igiteranyo cya fosifati na fosifore kama cyitwa fosifore yuzuye kandi ni nacyo kimenyetso cyerekana ubuziranenge bwamazi.
Uburyo bwo gusesengura fosifore yose (reba GB 11893–89 kuburyo bwihariye) igizwe nintambwe ebyiri zingenzi. Intambwe yambere nugukoresha okiside kugirango uhindure uburyo butandukanye bwa fosifore murugero rwamazi muri fosifate. Intambwe ya kabiri ni ugupima orthophosifate, hanyuma ugahindura Kubara ibirimo fosifore yose. Mugihe cyibikorwa bisanzwe byo gutunganya imyanda, fosifate yibirimo byumwanda winjira mubikoresho byo gutunganya ibinyabuzima n’ibisohoka mu kigega cya kabiri cy’imyanda bigomba gukurikiranwa no gupimwa. Niba ibirimo fosifate y'amazi yinjira bidahagije, hagomba kongerwaho umubare munini w'ifumbire ya fosifate kugirango uyuzuze; niba ibirimo fosifeti yibisohoka byamazi ya kabiri birenze urugero rwigihugu rwa mbere rwo gusohora 0.5mg / L, hagomba gusuzumwa ingamba zo gukuraho fosifore.
25. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwirinda fosifate?
Uburyo bwo gupima fosifate ni uko mugihe cya acide, fosifate na ammonium molybdate bibyara aside fosifomolybdenum heteropoly acide, igabanywa kugeza mubururu bwubururu (byitwa ubururu bwa molybdenum) ikoresheje kugabanya imiti ya chloride cyangwa acide acorbike. Uburyo CJ / T78–1999), urashobora kandi gukoresha lisansi ya alkaline kugirango ubyare ibice byinshi byamabara yibara kugirango bipime neza.
Ingero zamazi zirimo fosifore ntizihinduka kandi zirasesengurwa neza nyuma yo gukusanya. Niba isesengura ridashobora gukorwa ako kanya, ongeramo 40 mg ya mercure ya chloride cyangwa 1 mL yibanze kuri acide sulfurike kuri litiro y'amazi y'icyitegererezo kugirango ubungabunge, hanyuma ubibike mu icupa ry'ikirahure cyijimye hanyuma ubishyire muri firigo ya 4oC. Niba icyitegererezo cyamazi gikoreshwa gusa mu gusesengura fosifore yose, nta muti wo kubungabunga bikenewe.
Kubera ko fosifate ishobora kwandikwa kurukuta rwamacupa ya plastike, amacupa ya plastike ntashobora gukoreshwa mububiko bwamazi. Amacupa yose yikirahure yakoreshejwe agomba kwozwa na acide hydrochloric acide cyangwa acide acide ya nitric, hanyuma akakaraba inshuro nyinshi namazi yatoboye.
26. Ni ibihe bipimo bitandukanye byerekana ibiri mu bintu bikomeye mu mazi?
Ibintu bikomeye mu mwanda birimo ibintu bireremba hejuru y’amazi, ibintu byahagaritswe mu mazi, ibintu byangirika bikarohama hasi n’ibintu bikomeye byashonga mu mazi. Ibintu bireremba ni ibice binini cyangwa ibice binini byanduye bireremba hejuru y’amazi kandi bifite ubucucike buri munsi y’amazi. Ibintu byahagaritswe ni uduce duto duto twahagaritswe mumazi. Ibintu byangirika ni umwanda ushobora gutura munsi yumubiri wamazi nyuma yigihe runaka. Imyanda hafi ya yose irimo ibintu byimyanda hamwe nibintu bigoye. Ibintu byimyanda bigizwe ahanini ningingo ngengabuzima byitwa sludge, naho ibintu byimyanda bigizwe ahanini ningingo ngengabuzima byitwa ibisigazwa. Ibintu bireremba muri rusange biragoye kubara, ariko ibindi bintu byinshi bikomeye birashobora gupimwa ukoresheje ibipimo bikurikira.
Ikimenyetso cyerekana ibintu byose bikomeye mumazi ni ibinini byose, cyangwa ibinini byose. Ukurikije ibishishwa byamazi mumazi, ibinini byose birashobora kugabanywamo ibice byashonze (Dissolved Solid, mu magambo ahinnye yitwa DS) hamwe nibihagarikwa byahagaritswe (Suspend Solid, mu magambo ahinnye nka SS). Ukurikije imiterere ihindagurika yibikomeye mumazi, ibinini byose birashobora kugabanywamo ibice bikomeye (VS) hamwe nibikomeye (FS, byitwa ivu). Muri byo, ibishishwa byashongeshejwe (DS) hamwe n’ibisigara byahagaritswe (SS) birashobora gukomeza kugabanywa mo ibishishwa bishonga, ibishishwa bidahindagurika, ibimera byahagaritswe, ibimera byahagaritswe n’ibindi bipimo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-28-2023
