51. Ni ibihe bipimo bitandukanye byerekana ubumara kandi bwangiza mu mazi?
Usibye umubare muto w’ibinyabuzima byangiza kandi byangiza imyanda isanzwe (nka fenoline ihindagurika, nibindi), inyinshi murizo ziragoye kubinyabuzima kandi byangiza cyane umubiri wumuntu, nka peteroli, anionic surfactants (LAS), imiti yica udukoko twitwa Chlorine na organophosifore, biphenili polychlorine (PCBs), hydrocarbone ya polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbone (PAHs), polimeri nini ya molekile nyinshi (nka plastiki, reberi yubukorikori, fibre artificiel, nibindi), lisansi nibindi bintu kama.
Igipimo rusange cy’isohoka ry’igihugu GB 8978-1996 gifite amategeko akomeye yerekeranye n’imyanda y’imyanda irimo ibintu by’ubumara kandi byangiza byavuzwe haruguru n’inganda zitandukanye. Ibipimo by’amazi byihariye birimo benzo (a) pyrene, peteroli, fenoline ihindagurika, hamwe nudukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza umubiri (ubarwa muri P), tetrachloromethane, tetrachlorethylene, benzene, toluene, m-cresol nibindi 36. Inganda zinyuranye zifite ibipimo bitandukanye byo gusohora amazi agomba kugenzurwa. Niba ibipimo by’amazi byujuje ubuziranenge bw’igihugu bigomba gukurikiranwa hashingiwe ku miterere yihariye y’amazi yanduye na buri nganda.
52.Ni ubuhe bwoko bwinshi bwibintu bya fenolike bihari mumazi?
Fenol ni hydroxyl ikomoka kuri benzene, hamwe na hydroxyl yayo ifatanye neza nimpeta ya benzene. Ukurikije umubare wamatsinda ya hydroxyl arimo impeta ya benzene, irashobora kugabanywamo fenolike imwe (nka fenol) na polifenol. Ukurikije niba ishobora guhindagurika hamwe n’umwuka w’amazi, igabanijwemo fenol ihindagurika na fenol idafite imbaraga. Kubwibyo, fenolike ntabwo yerekeza kuri fenol gusa, ahubwo inashyiramo izina rusange rya fenolate yasimbuwe na hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, carboxyl, nibindi mumyanya ya ortho, meta na para.
Ibikoresho bya fenolike bivuga benzene n'ibikomoka kuri hydroxyl. Hariho ubwoko bwinshi. Mubisanzwe bifatwa ko abafite aho batetse munsi ya 230oC ari fenoline ihindagurika, mugihe abafite aho batetse hejuru ya 230oC ni fenolike idahindagurika. Fenoline ihindagurika mubipimo byubuziranenge bwamazi bivuga ibice bya fenolike bishobora guhindagurika hamwe numwuka wamazi mugihe cyo kuyungurura.
53.Nubuhe buryo bukunze gukoreshwa mugupima fenoline ihindagurika?
Kubera ko fenolike ihindagurika ari ubwoko bwikomatanya aho kuba ikintu kimwe, nubwo fenol ikoreshwa nkibisanzwe, ibisubizo bizaba bitandukanye niba hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo gusesengura. Kugirango ibisubizo bigereranwe, uburyo bumwe bwerekanwe nigihugu bugomba gukoreshwa. Uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo gupima fenolike ihindagurika ni 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometrie yerekanwe muri GB 7490–87 hamwe nubushobozi bwa bromination bwerekanwe muri GB 7491–87. Amategeko.
4 - Uburyo bwa Aminoantipyrine spectrophotometricique bufite ibintu bike byo kutabangamira no kumva neza, kandi birakwiriye gupima urugero rwamazi meza asukuye hamwe nibintu bya fenoline ihindagurika.<5mg>Uburyo bwa bromination volumetric nuburyo bworoshye kandi bworoshye gukora, kandi burakwiriye kumenya umubare wa fenoline ihindagurika mumazi y’inganda> 10 mg / L cyangwa imyanda iva mu nganda zitunganya amazi y’inganda. Ihame ryibanze nuko mubisubizo hamwe na bromine irenze, fenol na bromine bibyara tribromophenol, kandi bikabyara bromotribromophenol. Bromine isigaye noneho ikora hamwe na iyode ya potasiyumu kugirango irekure iyode yubusa, mugihe bromotribromophenol ikora hamwe na iyode ya potasiyumu ikora tribromophenol na iyode yubusa. Iyode yubusa noneho yitirirwa hamwe na sodium thiosulfate yumuti, kandi ibirimo fenol ihindagurika mubijyanye na fenol irashobora kubarwa hashingiwe kubyo ikoreshwa.
54. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwirinda bwo gupima fenolike ihindagurika?
Kubera ko umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga hamwe na okiside hamwe na mikorobe bishobora kwangiza cyangwa kubora ibibyimba bya fenolike, bigatuma ibice bya fenolike mu mazi bidahinduka cyane, uburyo bwo kongeramo aside (H3PO4) no kugabanya ubushyuhe busanzwe bukoreshwa mukubuza ibikorwa bya mikorobe, kandi bihagije ingano ya acide sulfurike yongeyeho. Uburyo bwa ferrous bukuraho ingaruka za okiside. Nubwo hafashwe ingamba zavuzwe haruguru, icyitegererezo cyamazi kigomba gusesengurwa no kugeragezwa mugihe cyamasaha 24, kandi icyitegererezo cyamazi kigomba kubikwa mumacupa yikirahure aho kubika ibintu bya plastiki.
Hatitawe ku buryo bwa bromination volumetric cyangwa uburyo bwa 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometricique, mugihe icyitegererezo cyamazi kirimo okiside cyangwa igabanya ibintu, ioni yicyuma, amine aromatic, amavuta na tari, nibindi, bizagira ingaruka kumyizerere yapimwe. kwivanga, ingamba zikenewe zigomba gufatwa kugirango zikureho ingaruka zacyo. Kurugero, okiside irashobora gukurwaho wongeyeho ferrous sulfate cyangwa sodium arsenite, sulfide irashobora gukurwaho wongeyeho sulfate yumuringa mugihe cya acide, amavuta nigitereko birashobora gukurwaho no gukuramo no gutandukana hamwe nudukoko twa organic mugihe cya alkaline. Kugabanya ibintu nka sulfate na formaldehyde bivanwaho kubikuramo ibishishwa kama mugihe cya acide hanyuma ugasiga ibintu bigabanya mumazi. Iyo usesenguye imyanda hamwe nibintu bisa nkaho bihamye, nyuma yo gukusanya igihe runaka cyuburambe, ubwoko bwibintu bivangavanze burashobora gusobanurwa, hanyuma ubwoko bwibintu bivangavanze burashobora gukurwaho mukwiyongera cyangwa kugabanuka, kandi intambwe zo gusesengura zirashobora koroshya cyane bishoboka.
Igikorwa cyo gusibanganya ni intambwe yingenzi mu kugena fenoline ihindagurika. Kugirango habeho guhumeka burundu fenol ihindagurika, agaciro ka pH k'icyitegererezo kagomba gutoborwa kagomba guhindurwa nka 4 (urutonde rw'ibara rya methyl orange). Byongeye kandi, kubera ko inzira yo guhindagurika ya fenoline ihindagurika itinda cyane, ingano ya distillate yakusanyirijwe igomba kuba ihwanye nubunini bwikitegererezo cyambere igomba gutoborwa, bitabaye ibyo ibisubizo byo gupima bizagira ingaruka. Niba distillate isanze ari umweru kandi yuzuye, igomba kongera guhumeka mugihe cya acide. Niba distillate ikiri umweru kandi ituje ku nshuro ya kabiri, birashoboka ko mu mazi harimo amavuta hamwe nigitereko, kandi bigomba kuvurwa.
Umubare wuzuye wapimwe ukoresheje uburyo bwa bromination volumetric nuburyo bufite agaciro kagereranijwe, kandi imikorere yimikorere igenwa nubuziranenge bwigihugu igomba gukurikizwa cyane, harimo ingano y’amazi yongeweho, ubushyuhe bwigihe nigihe, nibindi. bigomba rero kunyeganyezwa cyane mugihe wegereye titre point.
55. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwirinda bwo gukoresha 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometrie kugirango umenye fenolike ihindagurika?
Mugihe ukoresheje 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) spectrophotometrie, ibikorwa byose bigomba gukorerwa mumashanyarazi, kandi hagomba gukoreshwa uburyo bwo gukanika imashini ya fume hood kugirango ikureho ingaruka mbi za benzene yuburozi kubakoresha. .
Ubwiyongere bw'agaciro ka reagent bushingiye ahanini ku bintu nko kwanduza amazi yatoboye, ibikoresho byo mu kirahure n'ibindi bikoresho byo kwipimisha, ndetse no guhindagurika kw'ibikomoka ku bicanwa bitewe n'ubushyuhe bwo mu cyumba, kandi ahanini biterwa na reagent ya 4-AAP. , ikunda guhumeka neza, guteka no okiside. , bityo hakenewe ingamba zikenewe kugirango ubuziranenge bwa 4-AAP. Iterambere ryibara ryibisubizo byoroha byoroshye nigiciro cya pH, kandi agaciro ka pH kumuti wigisubizo kigomba kugenzurwa cyane hagati ya 9.8 na 10.2.
Igisubizo gisanzwe cya fenolu ntigihinduka. Igisubizo gisanzwe kirimo 1 mg fenol kuri ml kigomba gushyirwa muri firigo kandi ntigishobora gukoreshwa muminsi irenze 30. Igisubizo gisanzwe kirimo 10 μg fenol kuri ml kigomba gukoreshwa kumunsi wo kwitegura. Igisubizo gisanzwe kirimo 1 μg fenol kuri ml kigomba gukoreshwa nyuma yo kwitegura. Koresha mu masaha 2.
Witondere kongeramo reagent ukurikije gahunda zisanzwe zikorwa, kandi uzunguze neza nyuma yo kongeramo buri reagent. Niba buffer idahungabana neza nyuma yo kuyongeraho, kwibanda kwa ammonia mubisubizo byubushakashatsi ntibizaba bingana, bizagira ingaruka kubitekerezo. Ammonia yanduye irashobora kongera agaciro karenze inshuro 10. Niba ammonia idakoreshejwe igihe kinini nyuma yo gufungura icupa, igomba gusukurwa mbere yo kuyikoresha.
Irangi ritukura rya aminoantipyrine rihamye gusa muminota 30 mugisubizo cyamazi, kandi rirashobora guhagarara mumasaha 4 nyuma yo gukururwa muri chloroform. Niba igihe ari kirekire cyane, ibara rizahinduka kuva umutuku uhinduka umuhondo. Niba ibara ryijimye ryijimye cyane kubera umwanda wa 4-aminoantipyrine, gupima uburebure bwa 490nm burashobora gukoreshwa mugutezimbere ibipimo. 4 - Iyo aminoantibi idahumanye, irashobora gushonga muri methanol, hanyuma ikayungurura hanyuma igasubirwamo hamwe na karubone ikora kugirango itunganwe.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-23-2023
