35.Ubuvanganzo bw'amazi ni iki?
Amazi y’amazi ni ikimenyetso cyerekana kohereza urumuri rwamazi. Biterwa nuduce duto twa organic organique na organic nibindi bintu byahagaritswe nkibimera, ibumba, mikorobe n’ibindi bintu byahagaritswe mu mazi bigatuma urumuri runyura mu cyitegererezo cy’amazi rutatanye cyangwa rwinjizwa. Biterwa no kwinjira mu buryo butaziguye, urugero rwo kubangamira ihererekanyabubasha ry’umucyo runaka iyo buri litiro y’amazi yatoboye irimo mg 1 SiO2 (cyangwa isi ya diatomaceous) muri rusange ifatwa nkigipimo cy’imyuka, cyitwa impamyabumenyi ya Jackson, cyagaragaye muri JTU.
Imetero yimyanda ikorwa hashingiwe ku ihame rivuga ko umwanda wahagaritswe mu mazi ugira ingaruka zo gukwirakwiza urumuri. Imyivumbagatanyo yapimwe nigice cyo gutatanya ibice, bigaragarira muri NTU. Ubwinshi bw’amazi ntabwo bufitanye isano gusa nibiri mu bice bigize amazi biboneka mu mazi, ahubwo bifitanye isano rya bugufi nubunini, imiterere, nimiterere yibi bice.
Umuvuduko mwinshi w'amazi ntiwongera gusa urugero rwa disinfectant, ahubwo unagira ingaruka ku kwanduza. Kugabanuka k'umuvurungano akenshi bisobanura kugabanya ibintu byangiza, bagiteri na virusi mumazi. Iyo umuvuduko w'amazi ugeze kuri dogere 10, abantu barashobora kuvuga ko amazi ari mabi.
36.Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gupima akajagari?
Uburyo bwo gupima ububobere bwerekanwe mubipimo ngenderwaho byigihugu GB13200-1991 birimo spekitifotometometrie na colorimetry igaragara. Igice cyibisubizo byuburyo bubiri ni JTU. Byongeye kandi, hari uburyo bwingenzi bwo gupima amazi y’amazi ukoresheje ingaruka zo gukwirakwiza urumuri. Igice cyibisubizo cyapimwe na metero yubushyuhe ni NTU. Uburyo bwa spekitifotometometrike burakwiriye kumenya amazi yo kunywa, amazi karemano n’amazi mabi menshi, byibuze ntarengwa ya dogere 3; uburyo bwa colorimetry bwiboneza bukwiranye no kumenya amazi mabi nkamazi yo kunywa namazi yinkomoko, byibuze ntarengwa yo gutahura 1 Gukoresha. Mugihe cyo gupima imyanda mumazi ya kabiri yimyanda cyangwa imyanda itunganijwe neza muri laboratoire, uburyo bubiri bwambere bwo gutahura burashobora gukoreshwa; mugihe cyo kugerageza imyanda kumasoko y'uruganda rutunganya imyanda hamwe numuyoboro wa sisitemu yo gutunganya neza, akenshi birakenewe gushiraho Turbidimeter kumurongo.
Ihame ryibanze rya metero ya turbidite kumurongo nimwe nki ya optique ya sludge yibanze. Itandukaniro riri hagati yibi byombi ni uko intumbero ya SS yapimwe na metero yibanze ya sludge iri hejuru, bityo ikoresha ihame ryo kwinjiza urumuri, mugihe SS yapimwe na metero yubushyuhe iri hasi. Kubwibyo, ukoresheje ihame ryo gukwirakwiza urumuri no gupima ibice bitatanya urumuri runyura mumazi yapimwe, imivurungano yamazi irashobora gutangwa.
Guhindagurika nigisubizo cyimikoranire hagati yumucyo nuduce twinshi mumazi. Ingano yumuvurungano ifitanye isano nkubunini nuburyo imiterere yibice byanduye mumazi hamwe nigipimo cyerekana urumuri. Kubwibyo, iyo ibirimo ibintu byahagaritswe mumazi ari byinshi, muri rusange ubwinshi bwabyo nabwo buri hejuru, ariko nta sano rihari riri hagati yibi byombi. Rimwe na rimwe, ibintu byahagaritswe bikubiyemo ni bimwe, ariko bitewe nuburyo butandukanye bwibintu byahagaritswe, ibipimo byapimye byapimwe biratandukanye cyane. Kubwibyo, niba amazi arimo imyanda myinshi yahagaritswe, uburyo bwo gupima SS bugomba gukoreshwa kugirango bugaragaze neza urugero rw’umwanda w’amazi cyangwa umubare w’umwanda.
Ibirahuri byose bihuye nicyitegererezo cyamazi bigomba gusukurwa na aside hydrochloric cyangwa surfactant. Icyitegererezo cy’amazi yo gupima imyanda igomba kuba idafite imyanda n’ibice byoroshye byoroshye, kandi bigomba gukusanyirizwa mu macupa y’ibirahure byahagaritswe kandi bipimwa vuba bishoboka nyuma yo kubipima. Mubihe bidasanzwe, irashobora kubikwa ahantu hijimye kuri 4 ° C mugihe gito, kugeza kumasaha 24, kandi igomba kunyeganyezwa cyane hanyuma igasubira mubushyuhe bwicyumba mbere yo gupimwa.
37.Ibara ry'amazi ni irihe?
Chromaticity yamazi nigipimo cyerekanwe mugihe cyo gupima ibara ryamazi. Chromaticity ivugwa mu isesengura ry’ubuziranenge bw’amazi ubusanzwe yerekeza ku ibara ryukuri ry’amazi, ni ukuvuga, yerekeza gusa ku ibara ryakozwe n’ibintu byashonze mu cyitegererezo cy’amazi. Kubwibyo, mbere yo gupimwa, icyitegererezo cyamazi kigomba gusobanurwa, gushiramo, cyangwa kuyungurura hamwe na 0.45 μ m filteri ya membrane kugirango ikureho SS, ariko impapuro zo kuyungurura ntizishobora gukoreshwa kuko impapuro ziyungurura zishobora gukuramo igice cyamabara yamazi.
Igisubizo cyapimwe kuri sample yumwimerere nta kuyungurura cyangwa centrifugation ni ibara rigaragara ryamazi, ni ukuvuga ibara ryakozwe nuruvange rwikintu cyahagaritswe kandi kidashonga. Mubisanzwe, ibara rigaragara ryamazi ntirishobora gupimwa no kugereranywa ukoresheje platine-cobalt colorimetric yapima ibara ryukuri. Ibiranga nkubujyakuzimu, hue, no gukorera mu mucyo mubisanzwe bisobanurwa mumagambo, hanyuma bipimwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa dilution factor. Ibisubizo byapimwe ukoresheje platine-cobalt colorimetric uburyo akenshi ntibishobora kugereranwa nagaciro ka colimetric yapimwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwinshi.
38.Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gupima ibara?
Hariho uburyo bubiri bwo gupima amabara: platine-cobalt colorimetry no guhinduranya uburyo bwinshi (GB11903-1989). Uburyo bubiri bugomba gukoreshwa bwigenga, kandi ibisubizo byapimwe mubisanzwe ntabwo bigereranywa. Uburyo bwa platine-cobalt colorimetric bubereye amazi meza, amazi yanduye byoroheje namazi yumuhondo gake, hamwe namazi meza asukuye, amazi yubutaka, amazi yo kunywa hamwe namazi yagaruwe, hamwe namazi yongeye gukoreshwa nyuma yo gutunganya imyanda. Amazi y’inganda n’amazi yanduye cyane muri rusange akoresha uburyo bwinshi bwo kumenya ibara ryabyo.
Uburyo bwa platine-cobalt colorimetric ifata ibara rya mg 1 ya Pt (IV) na mg 2 za cbalt (II) chloride hexahydrate muri 1 L yamazi nkigice kimwe cyamabara, mubisanzwe bita dogere 1. Uburyo bwo gutegura uburyo bwa 1 busanzwe bwa colimetric ni ukongeramo 0.491mgK2PtCl6 na 2.00mgCoCl2? 6H2O kuri 1L y'amazi, bizwi kandi nka platine na cobalt. Kwikuba kabiri platine na cobalt isanzwe irashobora kubona ibice byinshi bisanzwe bya colimetric. Kubera ko potasiyumu chlorocobaltate ihenze, K2Cr2O7 na CoSO4? 7H2O muri rusange zikoreshwa mugutegura igisubizo gisimbuza amabara asanzwe muburyo runaka hamwe nintambwe zikorwa. Mugihe upima ibara, gereranya icyitegererezo cyamazi kugirango apimwe hamwe nuruhererekane rwibisubizo bisanzwe byamabara atandukanye kugirango ubone ibara ryicyitegererezo cyamazi.
Uburyo bwo guhinduranya ibintu ni uguhindura icyitegererezo cyamazi hamwe namazi meza kugeza igihe atagira ibara hanyuma akayimurira mumiyoboro yamabara. Ubujyakuzimu bw'amabara bugereranwa n'amazi meza meza yuburebure bwinkingi imwe hejuru yumweru. Niba hari itandukaniro ryabonetse, ongera uyunguruze kugeza Kugeza ibara ridashobora kumenyekana, ibintu byo kugabanya urugero rwamazi muriki gihe nigiciro cyerekana ubukana bwamabara yamazi, kandi igice nikigihe.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-19-2023
