46.Ni iki ogisijeni yashonze?
Umwuka wa ogisijeni DO (mu magambo ahinnye ya Oxygene Dissolved Oxygene mu Cyongereza) yerekana ingano ya ogisijeni ya molekile yashonze mu mazi, kandi igice ni mg / L. Ibintu byuzuye bya ogisijeni yashonze mu mazi bifitanye isano n'ubushyuhe bw'amazi, umuvuduko w'ikirere hamwe n'imiterere y'amazi. Ku muvuduko umwe w'ikirere, umwuka wa ogisijeni iyo ushizemo umwuka wa ogisijeni mu mazi yatoboye ugera kuri 0oC ni 14,62mg / L, naho 20oC ni 9.17mg / L. Kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe bw'amazi, kwiyongera k'umunyu, cyangwa kugabanuka k'umuvuduko w'ikirere bizatera umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga mu mazi kugabanuka.
Umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu kubaho no kororoka kw'amafi na bagiteri zo mu kirere. Niba ogisijeni yashonze iri munsi ya 4mg / L, bizagora amafi kubaho. Iyo amazi yanduye nibintu kama, okiside yibintu kama na mikorobe mikorobe yo mu kirere bizatwara ogisijeni yashonze mumazi. Niba bidashobora kuzuzwa bivuye mu kirere igihe, umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga mu mazi uzagenda ugabanuka buhoro buhoro kugeza igihe wegereye 0, bigatuma umubare munini wa mikorobe ya anaerobic ugwira. Kora amazi umukara kandi unuka.
Ni ubuhe buryo bukunze gukoreshwa mu gupima ogisijeni yashonze?
Hariho uburyo bubiri bukunze gukoreshwa mugupima ogisijeni yashonze, bumwe nuburyo bwa iyode nuburyo bwo kuyikosora (GB 7489–87), ubundi nuburyo bwo gukora amashanyarazi (GB11913–89). Uburyo bwa iyode bukwiye gupima urugero rwamazi hamwe na ogisijeni yashonze irenze 0.2 mg / L. Mubisanzwe, uburyo bwa iyode burakwiriye gusa gupima ogisijeni yashonze mumazi meza. Iyo upimye ogisijeni yashonze mumazi mabi yinganda cyangwa intambwe zitandukanye zo gutunganya imyanda, hagomba gukoreshwa iyode ikosowe. uburyo bwo kubara cyangwa uburyo bwa mashanyarazi. Umupaka wo hasi wo kugena uburyo bwa electrochemic probe uburyo bujyanye nibikoresho byakoreshejwe. Hariho ubwoko bubiri: uburyo bwa membrane electrode nuburyo bwa electrode ya membrane. Mubisanzwe birakwiriye gupima urugero rwamazi hamwe na ogisijeni yashonze irenga 0.1mg / L. Imetero ya DO kumurongo yashyizwemo kandi ikoreshwa mubigega bya aeration hamwe nahandi hantu munganda zitunganya imyanda ikoresha uburyo bwa electrode ya membrane cyangwa uburyo bwa electrode ya membrane.
Ihame ryibanze ryuburyo bwa iyode ni ukongeramo sulfate ya manganese na potasiyumu ya alkaline yodide ku cyitegererezo cy’amazi. Umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga mu mazi uhindura manganese nkeya ya manganese kugeza kuri manganese nyinshi, bikabyara imvura yijimye ya hydroxide ya tetravalent. Nyuma yo kongeramo aside, imvura yikigina irashonga kandi ikora hamwe na ion iyode kugirango itange iyode yubusa, hanyuma ikoresha krahisi nkikimenyetso kandi iha iyode yubusa hamwe na sodium thiosulfate kugirango ibare ibirimo ogisijeni yashonze.
Iyo icyitegererezo cyamazi gifite ibara cyangwa kirimo ibintu kama bishobora kwifashisha iyode, ntibikwiye gukoresha uburyo bwa iyode hamwe nuburyo bwo kuyikosora kugirango bapime ogisijeni yashonze mumazi. Ahubwo, electrode yunvikana ya ogisijeni cyangwa electrode ya membrane itagikoreshwa irashobora gupimwa. Electrode yumva ogisijeni igizwe na electrode ebyiri zicyuma zihura na electrolyte ishigikira hamwe na membrane yatoranijwe. Ururenda rushobora kunyura muri ogisijeni no mu zindi myuka, ariko amazi n'ibishonga muri yo ntibishobora kunyura. Umwuka wa ogisijeni unyura muri membrane ugabanuka kuri electrode. Umuyoboro udakwirakwizwa ukorwa, kandi ingano yumuyaga iringaniza nibintu bya ogisijeni yashonze ku bushyuhe runaka. Electrode idafite firime igizwe na silver idasanzwe ya cathode na anode y'icyuma (cyangwa zinc). Ntabwo ikoresha firime cyangwa electrolyte, kandi nta voltage ya polarisiyasi yongewe hagati yinkingi zombi. Gusa ivugana ninkingi zombi ikoresheje igisubizo cyamazi yapimwe kugirango ikore bateri yambere, kandi molekile ya ogisijeni mumazi ni Reduction ikorerwa kuri cathode, kandi kugabanuka kugabanuka kwakozwe kugereranije nibintu bya ogisijeni mubisubizo bipimwa. .
48.
Kugumana urugero runaka rwa ogisijeni yashonze mu mazi nicyo kintu cyibanze cyo kubaho no kubyara ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi byo mu kirere. Kubwibyo, igipimo cya ogisijeni yashonze nacyo ni kimwe mu bipimo byingenzi byerekana imikorere isanzwe ya sisitemu yo gutunganya imyanda.
Igikoresho cyo kuvura ibinyabuzima byo mu kirere gisaba ogisijeni yashonze mu mazi kuba hejuru ya mg / L 2, kandi igikoresho cyo kuvura ibinyabuzima cya anaerobic gisaba ogisijeni yashonze kuba munsi ya 0.5 mg / L. Niba ushaka kwinjira mubyiciro byiza bya methanogenezesi, nibyiza kutagira ogisijeni yashonze (kuri 0), kandi mugihe igice A cyibikorwa bya A / O kiri muburyo budasanzwe, ogisijeni yashonze nibyiza 0.5 ~ 1mg / L . Iyo imyanda iva mu kigega cya kabiri cyimyanda yuburyo bwa biologiya ya aerobic yujuje ibyangombwa, imyuka ya ogisijeni yashonze muri rusange ntabwo iri munsi ya 1mg / L. Niba ari hasi cyane (<0.5mg / L) cyangwa hejuru cyane (uburyo bwo guhumeka ikirere>2mg / L), bizatera amazi. Ubwiza bwamazi bwangirika cyangwa burenze ibipimo. Niyo mpamvu, hakwiye kwitabwaho cyane mugukurikirana ibirimo ogisijeni yashonze imbere mu gikoresho cyo kuvura ibinyabuzima n’isohoka mu kigega cyacyo.
Kwiyitirira iyode ntibikwiriye kwipimisha ku mbuga, kandi ntibishobora gukoreshwa mu guhora ukurikirana cyangwa kugena aho ogisijeni yashonze. Mugukomeza gukurikirana ogisijeni yashonze muri sisitemu yo gutunganya imyanda, hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa membrane electrode muburyo bwa electrochemic. Kugirango dukomeze gusobanukirwa nimpinduka muri DO zivanze n’amazi avanze mu kigega cya aeration mugihe cyo gutunganya imyanda mugihe nyacyo, muri rusange hakoreshwa metero ya elegitoroniki y’amashanyarazi kuri interineti. Muri icyo gihe, metero ya DO nayo ni igice cyingenzi cya sisitemu yo kugenzura no kugenzura byikora ya ogisijeni yashonze mu kigega cya aeration. Kuburyo bwo kugenzura no kugenzura bigira uruhare runini mubikorwa bisanzwe. Muri icyo gihe, ni naryo shingiro ryingenzi kubakoresha gutunganya no kugenzura imikorere isanzwe yo gutunganya imyanda.
49. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwirinda gupima ogisijeni yashonze ukoresheje titre ya iyode?
Byakagombye kwitabwaho cyane mugihe cyo gukusanya amazi yo gupima ogisijeni yashonze. Ingero zamazi ntizigomba guhura numwuka igihe kinini kandi ntizigomba gukangurwa. Mugihe icyitegererezo mu kigega cyo gukusanya amazi, koresha ml 300 ikirahure gifite ikirahure cyuzuye umunwa icupa rya ogisijeni, hanyuma upime kandi wandike ubushyuhe bwamazi icyarimwe. Byongeye kandi, mugihe ukoresheje titode ya iyode, usibye guhitamo uburyo bwihariye bwo gukuraho intambamyi nyuma yo gutoranya, igihe cyo kubika kigomba kugabanywa bishoboka, kandi nibyiza kubisesengura ako kanya.
Binyuze mu iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga n’ibikoresho kandi hifashishijwe ibikoresho, titre ya iyode ikomeza kuba uburyo bwizewe kandi bwizewe bwo gusesengura ogisijeni yashonze. Kugirango ukureho ingaruka zibintu bitandukanye bivanga mubitegererezo byamazi, hariho uburyo bwinshi bwihariye bwo gukosora titre ya iyode.
Oxide, reductants, ibintu kama, nibindi biboneka mumazi y'amazi bizabangamira titre ya iyode. Okiside zimwe zishobora gutandukanya iyode muri iyode (kwivanga kwiza), kandi bimwe bigabanya imiti irashobora kugabanya iyode kuri iyode (kwivanga nabi). intervention), iyo imvura ya oxydeize ya manganese iba acide, ibintu byinshi kama bishobora kuba igice cya okiside igice, bigatanga amakosa mabi. Uburyo bwo gukosora azide burashobora gukuraho neza kwivanga kwa nitrite, kandi mugihe icyitegererezo cyamazi kirimo fer ifite agaciro gake, uburyo bwo gukosora potasiyumu permanganate burashobora gukoreshwa mugukuraho intambamyi. Mugihe icyitegererezo cyamazi kirimo ibara, algae, hamwe nibisigara byahagaritswe, hagomba gukoreshwa uburyo bwo gukosora alum alum flocculation, kandi uburyo bwo gukosora umuringa sulfate-sulfamic aside flocculation bwakoreshejwe kugirango hamenyekane ogisijeni yashonze ivanze na sivile ivanze.
50. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwirinda bwo gupima ogisijeni yashonze hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa firime yoroheje?
Membrane electrode igizwe na cathode, anode, electrolyte na membrane. Umuyoboro wa electrode wuzuyemo igisubizo cya KCl. Ibibyimba bitandukanya electrolyte nicyitegererezo cyamazi kugirango bapimwe, kandi ogisijeni yashonze yinjira kandi ikwirakwira. Nyuma ya DC ihindagurika ya voltage ya 0.5 kugeza 1.0V ishyizwe hagati yinkingi zombi, umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga mumazi yapimwe unyura muri firime hanyuma ukagabanuka kuri cathode, bikabyara ikwirakwizwa ryikwirakwizwa rya ogisijeni.
Filime zikoreshwa cyane ni polyethylene na fluorocarubone zishobora kwemerera molekile ya ogisijeni kunyuramo kandi ifite imiterere ihamye. Kuberako firime ishobora gucengera imyuka itandukanye, imyuka imwe (nka H2S, SO2, CO2, NH3, nibindi) iri kuri electrode yerekana. Ntibyoroshye gutandukana, bizagabanya sensibilité ya electrode kandi biganisha ku gutandukana mubisubizo byo gupima. Amavuta hamwe namavuta mumazi yapimwe hamwe na mikorobe mikorobe mu kigega cya aeration akenshi bifatana na membrane, bikagira ingaruka zikomeye kubipimisho, bityo rero birasabwa guhora ukora isuku na kalibrasi.
Kubwibyo, membrane electrode yasesenguye ogisijeni ikoreshwa muri sisitemu yo gutunganya imyanda igomba gukoreshwa hakurikijwe uburyo bwa kalibibasi yabayikoze, kandi birasabwa guhora ukora isuku, kalibrasi, kuzuza electrolyte, no gusimbuza electrode membrane. Iyo usimbuye firime, ugomba kubikora witonze. Ubwa mbere, ugomba kwirinda kwanduza ibice byoroshye. Icya kabiri, witondere kudasiga utubuto duto munsi ya firime. Bitabaye ibyo, ibisigisigi bisigaye biziyongera kandi bigira ingaruka kubipimo byo gupima. Kugirango hamenyekane amakuru nyayo, amazi atemba kuri membrane electrode yo gupima agomba kuba afite urwego runaka rwumuvurungano, ni ukuvuga igisubizo cyibizamini kinyura hejuru ya membrane kigomba kugira umuvuduko uhagije.
Muri rusange, umwuka cyangwa ingero hamwe na DO izwi hamwe nibiteganijwe nta DO birashobora gukoreshwa mugucunga kalibrasi. Birumvikana, nibyiza gukoresha urugero rwamazi arimo kugenzurwa kugirango abone kalibrasi. Mubyongeyeho, ingingo imwe cyangwa ebyiri zigomba kugenzurwa kenshi kugirango hamenyekane amakuru yo gukosora ubushyuhe.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-14-2023
