43. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwirinda gukoresha electrode y'ibirahure?
ZeroIgiciro cya zeru-pH agaciro ka kirahure cya electrode yikirahure kigomba kuba kiri murwego rwumwanya uhuza aside iringaniye, kandi ntigomba gukoreshwa mubisubizo bidafite amazi. Iyo electrode yikirahure ikoreshwa kunshuro yambere cyangwa igakoreshwa nyuma yo gusigara idakoreshejwe igihe kinini, itara ryikirahure rigomba gushirwa mumazi yatoboye mumasaha arenga 24 kugirango habeho urwego rwiza. Mbere yo kuyikoresha, genzura neza niba electrode imeze neza, itara ryikirahure rigomba kuba ridafite ibice, kandi electrode yimbere igomba gushirwa mumazi yuzuye.
⑵ Niba hari ibisebe mubisubizo byuzuye imbere, shyira buhoro buhoro electrode kugirango ureke ibibyimba bitemba, kugirango habeho imikoranire myiza hagati yimbere yimbere ya electrode nigisubizo. Kugira ngo wirinde kwangirika kw'ikirahure, nyuma yo koza amazi, urashobora gukoresha impapuro zungurura kugirango winjize neza amazi yometse kuri electrode, kandi ntuyahanagure ku mbaraga. Iyo ushyizwemo, itara ryikirahure cya electrode yikirahure iba hejuru gato ugereranije na electrode yerekana.
FterNyuma yo gupima urugero rwamazi arimo amavuta cyangwa ibintu bya emulisile, sukura electrode ukoresheje amazi n'amazi mugihe. Niba electrode yapimwe numunyu ngugu, shyira electrode muri (1 + 9) aside hydrochloric. Igipimo kimaze gushonga, kwoza neza n'amazi hanyuma ubishyire mumazi yatoboye kugirango ukoreshwe nyuma. Niba ingaruka zo kuvura zavuzwe haruguru zidashimishije, urashobora gukoresha acetone cyangwa ether (Ethanol yuzuye ntishobora gukoreshwa) kugirango uyisukure, hanyuma uyivure ukurikije uburyo bwavuzwe haruguru, hanyuma ushire electrode mumazi yatoboye ijoro ryose mbere yo kuyakoresha.
⑷ Niba bitagikora, urashobora kandi kubishiramo igisubizo cya chromic acide muminota mike. Acide Chromic igira akamaro mugukuraho ibintu byamamajwe hejuru yikirahure, ariko bifite ingaruka zo kubura umwuma. Electrode ivurwa na acide chromic igomba gushirwa mumazi ijoro ryose mbere yuko ikoreshwa mugupima. Nuburyo bwa nyuma, electrode irashobora kandi gushirwa mumuti wa 5% HF mumasegonda 20 kugeza 30 cyangwa mumuti wa ammonium hydrogen fluoride (NH4HF2) muminota 1 kugirango ivure ruswa. Nyuma yo gushiramo, kwoza neza n'amazi ako kanya, hanyuma ubishire mumazi kugirango ukoreshwe nyuma. . Nyuma yo kuvurwa gukabije, ubuzima bwa electrode buzagira ingaruka, ubwo buryo bubiri bwo gukora isuku burashobora gukoreshwa gusa muburyo bwo kujugunya.
44. Ni ayahe mahame nubwitonzi bwo gukoresha electrode ya calomel?
Elect electrode ya calomel igizwe n'ibice bitatu: mercure metallic, mercure chloride (calomel) hamwe na potasiyumu chloride ikiraro cyumunyu. Iyoni ya chloride muri electrode ituruka kumuti wa potasiyumu ya chloride. Iyo kwibumbira hamwe kwa potasiyumu chloride yumuti bihoraho, ubushobozi bwa electrode burahoraho mubushuhe runaka, hatitawe kubiciro bya pH byamazi. Umuti wa potasiyumu chloride imbere ya electrode winjira mu kiraro cyumunyu (ceramic sand core), bigatuma bateri yambere ikora.
⑵ Iyo ikoreshejwe, reberi ihagarika ya nozzle kuruhande rwa electrode hamwe na reberi ya reberi kumpera yo hepfo igomba kuvaho kugirango igisubizo cyikiraro cyumunyu gishobora kugumana umuvuduko runaka wogutemba no gutemba hamwe nuburemere kandi bigakomeza kubona igisubizo. gupimwa. Iyo electrode idakoreshwa, hagomba gushyirwaho reberi ihagarika na reberi kugirango wirinde guhumeka no gutemba. Calomel electrode idakoreshwa igihe kinini igomba kuzuzwa umuti wa potasiyumu chloride hanyuma ugashyirwa mumasanduku ya electrode kugirango ubike.
Should Ntabwo hagomba kubaho ibibyimba byinshi muri potasiyumu chloride yumuti muri electrode kugirango wirinde inzira ngufi; kristu nkeya ya potasiyumu ya chloride igomba kugumana igisubizo kugirango habeho kuzura umuti wa potasiyumu chloride. Nyamara, ntihakagombye kubaho kristu nyinshi za potasiyumu ya chloride, bitabaye ibyo irashobora guhagarika inzira yumuti wapimwe, bikavamo gusoma bidasanzwe. Muri icyo gihe, hagomba kandi kwitonderwa kurandura umwuka mwinshi hejuru ya electrode ya calomel cyangwa aho uhurira hagati yikiraro cyumunyu namazi. Bitabaye ibyo, birashobora kandi gutuma umuzenguruko wo gupima ucika kandi gusoma ntibisomwe cyangwa bidahindagurika.
UringMu gihe cyo gupima, urwego rwamazi yumuti wa potasiyumu chloride muri electrode ya calomel igomba kuba hejuru kurwego rwamazi yumuti wapimwe kugirango wirinde ko amazi yapimwe adakwirakwira muri electrode kandi bikagira ingaruka kubushobozi bwa electrode ya calomel. Ikwirakwizwa ryimbere rya chloride, sulfide, ibintu bigoye, umunyu wa feza, potasiyumu perchlorate nibindi bikoresho biri mumazi bizagira ingaruka kubushobozi bwa electrode ya calomel.
HenIyo ubushyuhe buhindagurika cyane, impinduka zishobora kuba za electrode ya calomel ifite hystereze, ni ukuvuga ko ubushyuhe buhinduka vuba, electrode ishobora guhinduka buhoro, kandi bisaba igihe kirekire kugirango ubushobozi bwa electrode bugere kuburinganire. Noneho, gerageza wirinde impinduka nini mubushyuhe mugihe upima. .
Witondere kurinda Calomel electrode ceramic umucanga wumucanga. Witondere cyane gusukura mugihe nyuma yo gupima ibisubizo bidahwitse cyangwa ibisubizo bya colloidal. Niba hari abayoboke hejuru ya calomel electrode ceramic sand core, urashobora gukoresha impapuro za emery cyangwa ukongeramo amazi kumabuye yamavuta kugirango uyakureho buhoro.
Kugenzura buri gihe ituze rya electrode ya Calomel, hanyuma ugapima ubushobozi bwa electrode ya calomel yapimwe hamwe nindi electrode ya calomel idahwitse hamwe namazi yimbere muri anhydrous cyangwa muburyo bumwe bwamazi. Itandukaniro rishobora kuba munsi ya 2mV, bitabaye ibyo electrode nshya ya calomel igomba gusimburwa.
45. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwirinda gupima ubushyuhe?
Kugeza ubu, ibipimo by’isohoka ry’imyanda mu gihugu ntabwo bifite amabwiriza yihariye y’ubushyuhe bw’amazi, ariko ubushyuhe bw’amazi bufite akamaro kanini muri gahunda zisanzwe zo gutunganya ibinyabuzima kandi bugomba kwitabwaho cyane. Ubuvuzi bwa aerobic na anaerobic burasabwa gukorwa mubipimo runaka by'ubushyuhe. Iyo urwego rumaze kurenga, ubushyuhe buri hejuru cyane cyangwa hasi cyane, bizagabanya uburyo bwo kuvura ndetse binatera kunanirwa kwa sisitemu yose. By'umwihariko hagomba kwitabwaho kugenzura ubushyuhe bwamazi yinjira muri sisitemu yo kuvura. Iyo ihindagurika ryubushyuhe bwamazi rimaze kuboneka, dukwiye kwita cyane kumihindagurikire yubushyuhe bwamazi mubikoresho bizakurikiraho. Niba bari murwego rwihanganirwa, barashobora kwirengagizwa. Bitabaye ibyo, ubushyuhe bwamazi yinjira bugomba guhinduka.
GB 13195–91 yerekana uburyo bwihariye bwo gupima ubushyuhe bwamazi ukoresheje ubushuhe bwa metero ndende, ibipimo byimbitse cyangwa ibipimo bya inversion. Mubihe bisanzwe, mugihe gupima by'agateganyo ubushyuhe bwamazi muri buri cyiciro cyimikorere y’uruganda rutunganya amazi y’imyanda, ikibanza cyujuje ubuziranenge cyuzuye cyuzuye mercure kirashobora gukoreshwa mu gupima. Niba therometero ikeneye gukurwa mumazi kugirango isome, igihe uhereye igihe termometero yavuye mumazi kugeza igihe isomwa rirangiye ntigomba kurenza amasegonda 20. Therometero igomba kuba ifite igipimo nyacyo byibura 0.1oC, kandi ubushyuhe bugomba kuba buto bushoboka kugirango byoroshye kugera kuburinganire. Irakeneye kandi guhindurwa buri gihe nishami rishinzwe kugenzura no kugenzura ikoresheje ibipimo bya termometero neza.
Iyo gupima by'agateganyo ubushyuhe bw'amazi, iperereza rya termometero yikirahure cyangwa ibindi bikoresho byo gupima ubushyuhe bigomba kwibizwa mumazi kugirango bipimwe mugihe runaka (mubisanzwe birenze iminota 5), hanyuma usome amakuru nyuma yo kugera kuburinganire. Agaciro k'ubushyuhe muri rusange ni 0.1oC. Ibiti bitunganya amazi mabi mubisanzwe bishyiraho igikoresho cyo gupima ubushyuhe kumurongo kumurongo wamazi wanyuma wikigega cya aeration, kandi ubusanzwe therometero ikoresha thermistor kugirango ipime ubushyuhe bwamazi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-02-2023
