1.Ni ibihe bintu nyamukuru biranga umubiri byerekana amazi mabi?
EmUbushyuhe: Ubushyuhe bwamazi yanduye bugira uruhare runini mubikorwa byo gutunganya amazi mabi. Ubushyuhe bugira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ibikorwa bya mikorobe. Muri rusange, ubushyuhe bw’amazi mu bimera byo gutunganya imyanda biri hagati ya dogere selisiyusi 10 na 25. Ubushyuhe bwamazi mabi yinganda ajyanye nuburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro amazi mabi.
. Ibara: Ibara ryamazi yanduye biterwa nibiri mubintu byashonze, ibintu byahagaritswe cyangwa ibintu bya koleide mumazi. Imyanda mishya yo mumijyi isanzwe yijimye. Niba ari muri anaerobic, ibara rizahinduka umwijima kandi ryijimye. Amabara y’amazi mabi yinganda aratandukanye. Amazi yimyanda yamashanyarazi muri rusange ni umukara, amazi ya distiller yamazi yumuhondo-umukara, naho amazi y’amashanyarazi ni ubururu-icyatsi.
Impumuro: Impumuro y'amazi mabi iterwa n'umwanda uhumanya amazi yo mu ngo cyangwa amazi mabi yo mu nganda. Ikigereranyo cyamazi y’amazi arashobora kugenwa neza no kunuka umunuko. Imyanda mishya yo mumijyi ifite impumuro nziza. Niba umunuko w'amagi yaboze ugaragara, akenshi byerekana ko umwanda wahinduwe anaerobic kugirango ubyare gaze ya hydrogen sulfide. Abakoresha bagomba kubahiriza byimazeyo amabwiriza yo kurwanya virusi mugihe bakora.
⑷ Guhindagurika: Guhindagurika ni ikimenyetso gisobanura umubare w’ibice byahagaritswe mu mazi mabi. Ubusanzwe irashobora gutahurwa na metero yumuvuduko, ariko ubudahangarwa ntibushobora gusimbuza byimazeyo kwibumbira hamwe kubera ibara ribangamira kumenya imivurungano.
⑸ Imyitwarire: Ubushuhe mu mazi y’amazi muri rusange bwerekana umubare wa ion zidafite ingufu mu mazi, ibyo bikaba bifitanye isano rya bugufi no kwibumbira hamwe kw’ibinyabuzima bidafite ingufu mu mazi yinjira. Niba ubwikorezi buzamutse cyane, akenshi ni ikimenyetso cyuko amazi y’inganda adasanzwe asohoka.
MatterIbintu bikomeye: Imiterere (SS, DS, nibindi) hamwe nubushuhe bwibintu bikomeye mumazi yanduye byerekana imiterere yamazi yanduye kandi nabyo bifite akamaro kanini mugucunga inzira yo gutunganya.
Ip precipitability: Umwanda mumazi yanduye arashobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bune: gushonga, gufatanya, kubuntu no kugwa. Bitatu byambere ntibisanzwe. Umwanda wuzuye ushobora kwerekana ibintu bigwa muminota 30 cyangwa isaha 1.
2. Ni ibihe bintu biranga imiti yerekana amazi mabi?
Hariho ibimenyetso byinshi byerekana imiti y’amazi, ashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bine: indic Ibipimo ngenderwaho by’amazi rusange, nkagaciro ka pH, ubukana, alkaline, chlorine isigaye, anion zitandukanye na cations, nibindi.; Ibipimo byerekana ibinyabuzima, ogisijeni ikomoka kuri biohimiki ikenera BOD5, ogisijeni ya chimique ikenera CODCr, ogisijeni ikenera TOD hamwe na karubone kama yose TOC, nibindi.; Ibiti byerekana intungamubiri, nka azote ya amoniya, azote ya nitrate, azote ya azote, fosifate, nibindi.; Ibipimo byerekana uburozi, nka peteroli, ibyuma biremereye, cyanide, sulfide, hydrocarbone ya polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbone, ibinyabuzima bitandukanye bya chlorine hamwe nudukoko twangiza udukoko, nibindi.
Mu bimera bitandukanye byo gutunganya imyanda, imishinga yisesengura ikwiranye nubuziranenge bw’amazi igomba kugenwa hashingiwe ku bwoko butandukanye n’ubwinshi bw’imyanda ihumanya mu mazi yinjira.
3. Ni ibihe bimenyetso nyamukuru byerekana imiti bigomba gusesengurwa mu nganda rusange zitunganya imyanda?
Ibipimo nyamukuru byerekana imiti bigomba gusesengurwa muri rusange bitunganya imyanda ni ibi bikurikira:
Value pH agaciro: agaciro ka pH karashobora kugenwa mugupima hydrogene ion yibanze mumazi. Agaciro pH gafite uruhare runini mugutunganya ibinyabuzima byamazi yanduye, kandi nitrification reaction yunvikana nagaciro ka pH. Agaciro pH k'imyanda yo mumijyi muri rusange iri hagati ya 6 na 8. Niba irenze iyi ntera, akenshi byerekana ko amazi menshi y’inganda asohoka. Ku mazi mabi yinganda arimo aside cyangwa alkaline, birasabwa kuvura mbere yo kwinjira muri sisitemu yo gutunganya ibinyabuzima.
Alkalinity: Alkaline irashobora kwerekana ubushobozi bwo kugabanya aside mumazi mabi mugihe cyo gutunganya. Niba amazi mabi afite alkalineite igereranije, irashobora guhagarika impinduka zagaciro ka pH kandi bigatuma agaciro ka pH gahagaze neza. Alkalinity yerekana ibirimo murugero rwamazi ihuza na ion ya hydrogène muri acide ikomeye. Ingano ya alkaline irashobora gupimwa nubunini bwa aside ikomeye ikoreshwa nicyitegererezo cyamazi mugihe cyo gutanga titre.
ODCODCr: CODCr ni ubwinshi bwibintu kama mumazi y’amazi ashobora guhindurwamo okiside na potasiyumu ikomeye ya okiside, ipimwa mg / L ya ogisijeni.
ODBOD5: BOD5 ni urugero rwa ogisijene ikenerwa kugirango ibinyabuzima bigabanuke ku binyabuzima mu mazi y’amazi, kandi ni ikimenyetso cyerekana ibinyabuzima byangiza amazi y’amazi.
Azote: Mu bimera bitunganya imyanda, impinduka nogukwirakwiza kwa azote bitanga ibipimo kubikorwa. Ibiri muri azote kama na azote ya ammonia mumazi yinjira mubihingwa bitunganya imyanda muri rusange ni byinshi, mugihe ibirimo azote ya nitrate na azote ya nitrite muri rusange ari bike. Ubwiyongere bwa azote ya ammoniya mu kigega cyibanze cy’imyanda muri rusange byerekana ko isuka yatunganijwe yabaye anaerobic, mu gihe kwiyongera kwa azote ya nitrate na azote ya nitrite mu kigega cya kabiri cy’ubutaka byerekana ko nitrifasiya yabaye. Azote iri mu myanda yo mu ngo muri rusange ni 20 kugeza kuri 80 mg / L, muri yo azote kama ni 8 kugeza kuri 35 mg / L, azote ya ammonia ni 12 kugeza kuri 50 mg / L, naho ibiri muri azote ya azote na azote ni bike cyane. Ibiri muri azote kama, azote ya amoniya, azote ya nitrate na azote ya azote mu mazi y’inganda biratandukanye bitewe n’amazi. Azote irimo amazi mabi yinganda ni make cyane. Iyo hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuvura ibinyabuzima, ifumbire ya azote igomba kongerwaho kugirango hongerwemo azote ikenerwa na mikorobe. , kandi iyo azote irimo imyanda iba myinshi cyane, harasabwa kuvura denitrification kugirango wirinde eutrophasique mumazi yakira.
⑹ Fosifore: Ibirimo fosifore mu mwanda w’ibinyabuzima muri rusange ni mg 2 kugeza kuri 20 mg, L, muri byo fosifore kama ni 1 kugeza kuri 5 mg / L naho fosifore idasanzwe ni 1 kugeza kuri 15 mg / L. Ibirimo fosifore mumazi mabi yinganda biratandukanye cyane. Amazi mabi yinganda afite fosifore nkeya cyane. Iyo hakoreshejwe imiti y’ibinyabuzima, ifumbire ya fosifate igomba kongerwamo kugirango hongerwemo fosifore isabwa na mikorobe. Iyo ibirimo fosifore biri mumazi ari mwinshi cyane, kandi harasabwa kuvura fosifore kugirango wirinde eutrophasique mumazi yakira.
EtPetrole: Amavuta menshi mumazi yanduye ntashobora gushonga mumazi kandi areremba hejuru y'amazi. Amavuta mumazi yinjira azagira ingaruka kuri ogisijeni kandi agabanye ibikorwa bya mikorobe mumashanyarazi. Ubunini bwamavuta yimyanda ivanze yinjira muburyo bwo gutunganya ibinyabuzima ntibigomba kurenza mg / L.
Met Ibyuma biremereye: Ibyuma biremereye mumazi yanduye ahanini biva mumazi mabi yinganda kandi ni uburozi cyane. Ibihingwa bitunganya umwanda mubisanzwe ntabwo bifite uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura. Mubisanzwe bakeneye kuvurirwa ahabigenewe mumahugurwa yo gusohora kugirango bujuje ubuziranenge bwigihugu mbere yo kwinjira mumazi. Niba ibyuma biremereye biri mu myanda iva mu ruganda rutunganya imyanda byiyongera, akenshi byerekana ko hari ikibazo cyo kwitegura.
⑼ Sulfide: Iyo sulfide iri mu mazi irenze 0.5mg / L, izaba ifite impumuro iteye ishozi yamagi yaboze kandi irabora, rimwe na rimwe ikanatera uburozi bwa hydrogen sulfide.
ChorIbisigarira bya chlorine: Iyo ukoresheje chlorine mu kwanduza, kugira ngo habeho kubyara mikorobe mu gihe cyo gutwara abantu, chlorine isigaye mu masoko (harimo chlorine isigaye ku buntu hamwe na chlorine isigaye) ni cyo kimenyetso cyo kugenzura uburyo bwo kwanduza indwara, ubusanzwe bukora ntibirenza 0.3mg / L.
4. Ni ibihe bintu biranga mikorobe byerekana amazi mabi?
Ibipimo by’ibinyabuzima by’amazi mabi birimo umubare wa bagiteri zose, umubare wa bagiteri za coliform, mikorobe zitandukanye zitera virusi na virusi, nibindi. Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusohora amazi y’igihugu byateganijwe ibi. Ibiti bitunganya imyanda muri rusange ntibishobora kumenya no kugenzura ibipimo by’ibinyabuzima biri mu mazi yinjira, ariko birasabwa kwanduza mbere yuko umwanda utunganijwe usohoka kugira ngo ugenzure umwanda w’amazi yakirwa n’imyanda yatunganijwe. Niba imyanda ya kabiri yo kuvura ibinyabuzima yongeye kuvurwa no gukoreshwa, birakenewe cyane kuyanduza mbere yo kuyikoresha.
Umubare wa bagiteri zose: Umubare wa bagiteri zose urashobora gukoreshwa nkikimenyetso cyo gusuzuma isuku y’amazi no gusuzuma ingaruka zo kweza amazi. Ubwiyongere bw'umubare rusange wa bagiteri bwerekana ko ingaruka zo kwanduza amazi ari mbi, ariko ntishobora kwerekana mu buryo butaziguye ingaruka mbi ku mubiri w'umuntu. Igomba guhuzwa numubare wa fecal coliforms kugirango umenye uburyo amazi meza afite umutekano kumubiri wumuntu.
Umubare wa coliforme: Umubare wa coliforme mumazi urashobora kwerekana mu buryo butaziguye ko bishoboka ko amazi arimo bagiteri zo munda (nka tifoyide, dysentery, kolera, nibindi), bityo akaba nk'ikimenyetso cyisuku kugirango ubuzima bwabantu bugerweho. Iyo imyanda yongeye gukoreshwa nkamazi atandukanye cyangwa amazi yimiterere, irashobora guhura numubiri wumuntu. Muri iki gihe, umubare wa fecal coliforms ugomba kumenyekana.
Mic Microorganismes zitandukanye na virusi: Indwara nyinshi za virusi zirashobora kwandura binyuze mumazi. Kurugero, virusi zitera hepatite, polio nizindi ndwara zibaho mumara yumuntu, zinjira mumyanda yo murugo ikoresheje umwanda wumurwayi, hanyuma ikajugunywa mu ruganda rutunganya imyanda. . Uburyo bwo gutunganya umwanda bufite ubushobozi buke bwo gukuraho izo virusi. Iyo imyanda yatunganijwe isohotse, niba agaciro k’umubiri w’amazi yakira gafite ibisabwa byihariye kuri izo mikorobe zitera virusi na virusi, birasabwa kwanduza no gupima.
5. Nibihe bipimo bisanzwe byerekana ibirimo ibinyabuzima mumazi?
Iyo ibinyabuzima bimaze kwinjira mu mubiri w’amazi, bizahinduka okiside kandi byangirika bitewe n’ibinyabuzima bito, bigabanya buhoro buhoro umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga mu mazi. Iyo okiside igenda yihuta kandi umubiri wamazi ntushobora gukuramo umwuka wa ogisijeni uhagije mukirere kugirango wuzuze ogisijeni yakoreshejwe, ogisijeni yashonze mumazi irashobora kugabanuka cyane (nka munsi ya 3 ~ 4mg / L), izagira ingaruka kumazi. ibinyabuzima. bikenewe kugirango bikure bisanzwe. Iyo ogisijeni yashonze mu mazi irangiye, ibinyabuzima bitangira igogorwa rya anaerobic, bikabyara impumuro kandi bikagira ingaruka ku isuku y’ibidukikije.
Kubera ko ibintu kama bikubiye mumyanda akenshi ari ibintu bigoye cyane bivanze nibintu byinshi, biragoye kumenya indangagaciro zingana kuri buri kintu kimwekimwe. Mubyukuri, ibipimo bimwe byuzuye bikoreshwa mugusobanura mu buryo butaziguye ibirimo ibinyabuzima mumazi. Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwibipimo byuzuye byerekana ibirimo ibinyabuzima mumazi. Imwe muriyo ni ikimenyetso kigaragazwa no gukenera ogisijeni (O2) ihwanye n’ibintu kama kama mu mazi, urugero nka ogisijeni ikomoka ku binyabuzima (BOD), ogisijeni ikomoka ku miti (COD), hamwe na ogisijeni ikenewe (TOD). ; Ubundi bwoko nigipimo kigaragara muri karubone (C), nka karubone kama yose TOC. Kubwoko bumwe bwimyanda, indangagaciro zibi bipimo muri rusange ziratandukanye. Itondekanya ryimibare ni TOD> CODCr> BOD5> TOC
6. Carbone yuzuye ni iki?
Carbone organic organic TOC (mu magambo ahinnye ya Carbone Organic Carbone mucyongereza) ni ikimenyetso cyuzuye kigaragaza mu buryo butaziguye ibirimo ibinyabuzima biri mu mazi. Amakuru yerekana ni karubone yuzuye yibinyabuzima mu mwanda, kandi igice kigaragarira muri mg / L ya karubone (C). . Ihame ryo gupima TOC ni ukubanza gushiramo aside icyitegererezo cyamazi, gukoresha azote kugirango uturike karubone mu cyitegererezo cy’amazi kugira ngo ukureho intambamyi, hanyuma utere urugero runaka rw’amazi mu mazi ya ogisijeni arimo ogisijeni izwi, hanyuma wohereze. umuyoboro wa platine. Yatwitswe mumashanyarazi ya quartz nkumusemburo mubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa 900oC kugeza 950oC. Isesengura rya gazi ya infragre idakwirakwizwa ikoreshwa mu gupima ingano ya CO2 yakozwe mugihe cyo gutwikwa, hanyuma ibarwa ya karubone ikaba ibarwa, ikaba ari karubone yose ya TOC (kubisobanuro birambuye, reba GB13193–91). Igihe cyo gupima gifata iminota mike gusa.
TOC yimyanda rusange yo mumijyi irashobora kugera kuri 200mg / L. TOC y’amazi mabi y’inganda afite intera nini, hamwe ninshi igera ku bihumbi mirongo mg / L. TOC yimyanda nyuma yubuvuzi bwa kabiri bwibinyabuzima ni rusange<50mg> 7. Ni ubuhe buryo bukenewe ogisijeni ikenewe?
Umwuka wa ogisijeni ukenewe TOD (mu magambo ahinnye ya Oxygene isabwa mu Cyongereza) bivuga urugero rwa ogisijeni ikenerwa mugihe ugabanya ibintu (cyane cyane ibinyabuzima) mumazi bitwikwa mubushyuhe bwinshi kandi bigahinduka okiside ihamye. Ibisubizo bipimirwa muri mg / L. Agaciro ka TOD gashobora kwerekana ogisijeni ikoreshwa mugihe ibintu hafi ya byose kama mumazi (harimo karubone C, hydrogen H, ogisijeni O, azote N, fosifore P, sulfure S, nibindi) byatwitswe muri CO2, H2O, NOx, SO2, ingano. Birashobora kugaragara ko agaciro ka TOD muri rusange karenze agaciro ka CODCr. Kugeza ubu, TOD ntabwo yashyizwe mu bipimo by’ubuziranenge bw’amazi mu gihugu cyanjye, ariko ikoreshwa gusa mu bushakashatsi bujyanye no gutunganya imyanda.
Ihame ryo gupima TOD ni ugutera urugero rwamazi rwamazi mumigezi ya ogisijeni irimo ogisijeni izwi, hanyuma ukayohereza mumashanyarazi ya quartz yaka hamwe nicyuma cya platine nka catalizator, hanyuma ukayitwika ako kanya mubushyuhe bwinshi bwa 900oC. Ibintu kama mubitegererezo byamazi Nukuvuga ko iba oxyde kandi ikoresha ogisijeni mumigezi ya ogisijeni. Umubare wumwimerere wa ogisijeni mumazi wa ogisijeni ukuyemo ogisijeni isigaye ni ogisijeni yose ikenera TOD. Ingano ya ogisijeni itemba ya ogisijeni irashobora gupimwa ukoresheje electrode, bityo gupima TOD bifata iminota mike gusa.
8. Ni iki gikenerwa na ogisijeni ikomoka ku binyabuzima?
Izina ryuzuye rya ogisijeni ikomoka kuri biohimiki ni ogisijeni ikenerwa na biochemiki ya ogisijeni ikenewe, ikaba ari Biochemiki Oxygene isabwa mu Cyongereza kandi mu magambo ahinnye nka BOD. Bisobanura ko ku bushyuhe bwa 20oC no mu kirere, ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa okiside ya biohimiki ya mikorobe mikorobe ibora ibinyabuzima mu mazi. Ingano ya ogisijeni yashonze ni urugero rwa ogisijeni isabwa kugira ngo ibinyabuzima bigabanuke mu mazi. Igice ni mg / L. UMUBIRI ntabwo urimo gusa umwuka wa ogisijeni ukoreshwa no gukura, kubyara cyangwa guhumeka mikorobe zo mu kirere mu mazi, ariko kandi ushiramo ingano ya ogisijeni ikoreshwa mu kugabanya ibintu kama kama nka sulfide na fer fer, ariko igipimo cyiki gice ni ubusanzwe gito cyane. Kubwibyo, uko agaciro ka BOD nini, niko ibinyabuzima biri mumazi.
Mugihe cyikirere, mikorobe ibora ibintu kama muburyo bubiri: icyiciro cya okiside yibintu birimo karubone irimo karubone hamwe nicyiciro cya nitrifike ya azote irimo ibinyabuzima. Mubihe bisanzwe bya 20oC, igihe gisabwa kugirango ibinyabuzima bihindurwe kugeza kuri nitrification, ni ukuvuga kugera kubora no gutuza byuzuye, ni iminsi irenga 100. Ariko, mubyukuri, ogisijeni ya biohimiki isaba BOD20 yiminsi 20 kuri 20oC igereranya ogisijeni yuzuye ya biohimiki. Mubikorwa byo kubyaza umusaruro, iminsi 20 iracyafatwa nkigihe kirekire, kandi ogisijeni ikomoka kuri biohimiki (BOD5) yiminsi 5 kuri 20 ° C isanzwe ikoreshwa nkigipimo cyo gupima ibinyabuzima byanduye. Ubunararibonye bwerekana ko BOD5 y’imyanda yo mu ngo hamwe n’imyanda itandukanye itanga umusaruro igera kuri 70 ~ 80% bya ogisijeni yuzuye ya biohimiki ikenera BOD20.
BOD5 nikintu cyingenzi muguhitamo umutwaro wibihingwa bitunganya imyanda. Agaciro BOD5 karashobora gukoreshwa mukubara ingano ya ogisijeni ikenerwa kugirango okiside yibintu kama mumazi mabi. Ingano ya ogisijene ikenewe kugirango ihindagurika ryibintu birimo karubone bishobora kwitwa karubone BOD5. Niba irindi okiside, nitrification irashobora kubaho. Ingano ya ogisijeni isabwa na nitrifyinga ya bacteri kugirango ihindure azote ya ammonia muri azote ya nitrate na azote ya nitrite irashobora kwitwa nitrification. BOD5. Ibiti rusange bitunganya imyanda irashobora gukuraho karubone BOD5 gusa, ariko ntabwo nitrifisiyasi BOD5. Kubera ko nitrification reaction byanze bikunze ibaho mugihe cyo kuvura ibinyabuzima byo gukuraho karubone BOD5, agaciro gapimwe ka BOD5 karenze hejuru ya ogisijeni nyayo ikoreshwa mubintu kama.
Ibipimo bya BOD bifata igihe kirekire, kandi gupima BOD5 bisanzwe bisaba iminsi 5. Kubwibyo, irashobora gukoreshwa gusa mugusuzuma ingaruka zingaruka no kugenzura igihe kirekire. Ku kibanza cyihariye cyo gutunganya imyanda, hashobora gushyirwaho isano hagati ya BOD5 na CODCr, kandi CODCr irashobora gukoreshwa mukugereranya hafi agaciro ka BOD5 kugirango iyobore ihinduka ryuburyo bwo gutunganya.
9. Ikibazo cya ogisijeni ikenewe ni iki?
Umwuka wa ogisijeni ukenewe mucyongereza ni Oxygene isabwa. Bivuga ingano ya okiside ikoreshwa nubusabane hagati yibintu kama mumazi na okiside ikomeye (nka potasiyumu dichromate, potasiyumu permanganate, nibindi) mubihe bimwe na bimwe, bigahinduka ogisijeni. muri mg / L.
Iyo potasiyumu dichromate ikoreshwa nka okiside, hafi ya yose (90% ~ 95%) yibintu kama mumazi birashobora kuba okiside. Ingano ya okiside ikoreshwa muri iki gihe ihindurwamo ogisijeni nicyo bakunze kwita ogisijeni ikomoka ku miti, ikunze kwitwa CODCr (reba GB 11914–89 kuburyo bwihariye bwo gusesengura). Agaciro CODCr y’imyanda ntigizwe gusa n’ikoreshwa rya ogisijeni yo gukwirakwiza ibintu hafi ya byose mu mazi, ahubwo ikubiyemo no gukoresha ogisijeni yo kugabanya okiside yo kugabanya ibintu kama nka nitrite, umunyu wa ferrous, na sulfide mu mazi.
10. Indangantego ya potasiyumu permanganate ni iki (gukoresha ogisijeni)?
Imiti ya ogisijeni ikenerwa yapimwe hifashishijwe potasiyumu permanganate nka oxyde yitwa potassium permanganate index (reba GB 11892–89 kuburyo bwihariye bwo gusesengura) cyangwa gukoresha ogisijeni, mu magambo ahinnye y'icyongereza ni CODMn cyangwa OC, kandi igice ni mg / L.
Kubera ko ubushobozi bwa okiside ya potasiyumu permanganate ifite intege nke ugereranije nubwa potasiyumu dichromate, agaciro kihariye CODMn yerekana igipimo cya potasiyumu permanganate yerekana urugero rwamazi amwe muri rusange iri munsi yagaciro kayo CODCr, ni ukuvuga ko CODMn ishobora kugereranya gusa ibintu kama cyangwa ibintu bidasanzwe. ibyo byoroshye okiside mumazi. ibirimo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, igihugu cyanjye, Uburayi na Amerika ndetse n’ibindi bihugu byinshi bifashisha CODCr nk'ikimenyetso cyuzuye mu kurwanya umwanda w’ibinyabuzima, kandi nkoresha gusa potassium permanganate index CODMn nk'ikimenyetso cyo gusuzuma no kugenzura ibinyabuzima biri mu mazi yo ku isi nk'ibi. nk'amazi yo mu nyanja, inzuzi, ibiyaga, nibindi cyangwa amazi yo kunywa.
Kubera ko potasiyumu permanganate itagira ingaruka za okiside ku bintu kama nka benzene, selile, aside irike, na aside amine, mu gihe dichromate ya potasiyumu ishobora guhumeka hafi y’ibintu byose kama, CODCr ikoreshwa mu kwerekana urugero rw’umwanda w’amazi mabi no kugenzura gutunganya imyanda. Ibipimo byimikorere birakwiriye. Nyamara, kubera ko kugena igipimo cya potasiyumu permanganate CODMn yoroshye kandi yihuse, CODMn iracyakoreshwa mu kwerekana urugero rw’umwanda, ni ukuvuga ingano y’ibintu kama mu mazi meza asukuye, iyo usuzumye ubwiza bw’amazi.
11. Nigute ushobora kumenya ibinyabuzima byangiza amazi y’amazi ukoresheje isesengura BOD5 na CODCr y’amazi mabi?
Iyo amazi arimo ibinyabuzima bifite ubumara, agaciro ka BOD5 mumazi mabi muri rusange ntashobora gupimwa neza. Agaciro ka CODCr karashobora gupima neza neza ibirimo ibinyabuzima mumazi, ariko agaciro ka CODCr ntigashobora gutandukanya ibintu bishobora kwangirika nibidashobora kwangirika. Abantu bamenyereye gupima BOD5 / CODCr yimyanda kugirango bamenye ibinyabuzima byayo. Muri rusange abantu bemeza ko niba BOD5 / CODCr yimyanda irenze 0.3, irashobora kuvurwa na biodegradation. Niba BOD5 / CODCr yimyanda iri munsi ya 0.2, birashobora gutekerezwa gusa. Koresha ubundi buryo kugirango ukemure.
12.Ni irihe sano riri hagati ya BOD5 na CODCr?
Umwuka wa ogisijeni ukomoka ku binyabuzima (BOD5) ugereranya urugero rwa ogisijeni ikenerwa mu gihe ibinyabuzima byangiza ibinyabuzima byangiza imyanda. Irashobora gusobanura mu buryo butaziguye ikibazo muburyo bwa biohimiki. Kubwibyo, BOD5 ntabwo ari ikimenyetso cyingenzi cy’amazi meza, ahubwo ni ikimenyetso cyibinyabuzima byanduye. Ikintu cyingenzi cyane cyo kugenzura mugihe cyo gutunganya. Ariko, BOD5 nayo igengwa nimbogamizi zikoreshwa. Ubwa mbere, igihe cyo gupima ni kirekire (iminsi 5), kidashobora kwerekana no kuyobora imikorere yibikoresho byo gutunganya imyanda mugihe gikwiye. Icya kabiri, imyanda imwe itanga umusaruro ntabwo ifite uburyo bwo gukura kwa mikorobe no kororoka (nko kuba hari ibinyabuzima bifite ubumara). ), agaciro kayo BOD5 ntigashobora kugenwa.
Umwuka wa ogisijeni ukenera CODCr ugaragaza ibirimo hafi ya byose kama no kugabanya ibintu kama kama mumazi, ariko ntibishobora gusobanura neza ikibazo muburyo bwa biohimiki nka ogisijeni ya biohimiki ikenera BOD5. Mu yandi magambo, kugerageza umwuka wa ogisijeni ukenera CODCr y’imyanda irashobora kumenya neza neza ibinyabuzima biri mu mazi, ariko umwuka wa ogisijeni ukenera CODCr ntushobora gutandukanya ibinyabuzima byangirika n’ibinyabuzima bidashobora kwangirika.
Umwuka wa ogisijeni ukenera agaciro ka CODCr muri rusange urenze hejuru ya ogisijeni ikomoka ku binyabuzima isaba agaciro ka BOD5, kandi itandukaniro riri hagati yaryo rishobora kwerekana hafi ibirimo ibinyabuzima biri mu myanda idashobora kwangizwa na mikorobe. Ku miyoboro ifite ibintu bihumanya bihumanya neza, CODCr na BOD5 muri rusange bifitanye isano runaka kandi birashobora kubarwa bivuye hamwe. Mubyongeyeho, gupima CODCr bifata igihe gito. Ukurikije uburyo busanzwe bwigihugu bwo kugaruka kumasaha 2, bifata amasaha 3 kugeza kuri 4 gusa uhereye kubisubizo kugeza kubisubizo, mugihe gupima agaciro ka BOD5 bifata iminsi 5. Kubwibyo, mubikorwa byo gutunganya imyanda no gucunga neza, CODCr ikoreshwa nkigipimo cyo kugenzura.
Mu rwego rwo kuyobora ibikorwa by’umusaruro byihuse, inganda zimwe na zimwe zitunganya imyanda nazo zashyizeho ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ibipimo byo gupima CODCr mu gihe cy'iminota 5. Nubwo ibisubizo byapimwe bifite amakosa runaka hamwe nuburyo busanzwe bwigihugu, kubera ko ikosa ari ikosa ritunganijwe, ibisubizo bikurikirana birashobora kwerekana neza ubwiza bwamazi. Ihinduka nyaryo rya sisitemu yo gutunganya imyanda irashobora kugabanuka kugeza munsi yisaha 1, itanga garanti yigihe cyo guhindura mugihe cyibikorwa byo gutunganya imyanda no gukumira ihinduka ritunguranye ryubwiza bwamazi kugira ingaruka kuri sisitemu yo gutunganya imyanda. Muyandi magambo, ubwiza bwimyanda iva mubikoresho byo gutunganya imyanda iratera imbere. Igipimo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-14-2023
