Amazi mabi yinganda arimo amazi yanduye, imyanda itanga umusaruro namazi akonje. Yerekeza ku mazi y’amazi n’imyanda ikomoka mu nganda zikora inganda, zikubiyemo ibikoresho by’inganda, ibicuruzwa biva hagati, ibicuruzwa n’ibihumanya biva mu musaruro wabuze amazi. Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwamazi mabi yinganda hamwe nibice bigoye. Kurugero, imyanda yumunyu wa electrolytike irimo amazi ya mercure, ibyuma biremereye bishongesha amazi mabi yinganda zirimo isasu, kadmium nibindi byuma, amashanyarazi y’amazi y’inganda arimo cyanide na chromium hamwe n’ibindi byuma biremereye, peteroli itunganya peteroli y’inganda zirimo fenol, imiti yica udukoko yangiza imyanda irimo imiti yica udukoko, n'ibindi. Kubera ko amazi mabi yinganda akunze kuba arimo ibintu bitandukanye byuburozi, kwanduza ibidukikije byangiza cyane ubuzima bwabantu, bityo rero birakenewe guteza imbere imikoreshereze yuzuye, guhindura ibyangiritse mubyiza, no gufata ingamba zijyanye no kweza ukurikije imiterere nubunini bw’imyanda ihumanya. mumazi mabi mbere yuko asohoka.
Amazi mabi mu nganda bivuga amazi mabi, imyanda n’imyanda ikomoka mu nganda zikora inganda, zikubiyemo ibikoresho by’inganda, ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga n’ibicuruzwa byatakaye hamwe n’amazi n’ibyuka bihumanya mu gihe cyo gukora. Iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda, ubwoko n’amazi y’amazi yiyongereye vuba, kandi umwanda w’amazi wagiye wiyongera cyane kandi bikomeye, bibangamira ubuzima n’umutekano by’abantu. Kubwibyo, kubungabunga ibidukikije, gutunganya amazi mabi yinganda ningirakamaro kuruta gutunganya imyanda yo mumijyi.
Hariho ubwoko butatu:
Iya mbere ni ugushyira mubikorwa ukurikije imiterere yimiti yibihumanya nyamukuru bikubiye mumazi mabi yinganda. Amazi mabi arimo ahanini imyanda ihumanya, kandi amazi mabi arimo imyanda ihumanya. Kurugero, amashanyarazi y’amazi n’amazi ava mu gutunganya amabuye y’amabuye ni amazi y’amazi adasanzwe, amazi y’amazi ava mu biribwa cyangwa gutunganya peteroli ni amazi y’amazi kama, naho amazi y’amazi ava mu nganda zicapa no gusiga amarangi avangwa n’amazi mabi. Amazi mabi asohoka mu nganda zitandukanye arimo ibice bitandukanye.
Iya kabiri ni ugushyira mu byiciro ukurikije ibicuruzwa n’ibikoresho bitunganyirizwa mu nganda, nk’amazi y’ibyuma byangiza, amazi y’amazi, gukora imyanda y’amazi y’amakara, amazi y’imyanda y’amazi, imyanda y’ifumbire mvaruganda, icapiro ry’imyenda no gusiga amarangi, amazi y’irangi, amazi y’uruhu, imiti yica udukoko. amazi mabi, sitasiyo yamashanyarazi, nibindi.
Ubwoko bwa gatatu bwashyizwe mu byiciro hakurikijwe ibice nyamukuru by’imyanda ihumanya ikubiye mu mazi y’amazi, nk’amazi y’amazi ya aside, amazi y’amazi ya alkaline, amazi y’amazi arimo cyanide, amazi y’amazi arimo chromium, amazi y’amazi arimo kadmium, amazi y’amazi arimo mercure, amazi y’amazi arimo fenol, aldehyde -kubamo amazi mabi, amazi arimo amavuta, amazi arimo sulfuru, amazi yanduye, fosifore kama irimo amazi mabi hamwe namazi yangiza radio.
Uburyo bubiri bwa mbere bwo gutondekanya ntabwo bukubiyemo ibintu byingenzi bigize imyanda ihumanya amazi, kandi ntibishobora kwerekana ububi bw’amazi mabi.
Akamaro ko gupima amazi mabi yinganda
Mubisanzwe, amazi mabi aturuka mubuzima bwacu arimo ibintu bidafite uburozi, mugihe amazi y’inganda y’inganda ashobora kuba arimo ibyuma biremereye, imiti n’ibindi bintu byangiza. Kurekura nta kwivuza ntibizatera umwanda ukabije ku bidukikije gusa, ahubwo isosiyete izahanishwa ihazabu n’ibihano. Mu bihe bikomeye, bizategekwa guhagarika ubucuruzi no gufunga.
Kora akazi keza mugupima amazi mabi yinganda, kugenzura ubwinshi nogusohora imyanda mumazi mbere yuko amazi yanduye asohoka kugirango atarenga imipaka yagenwe, kurinda umutungo wamazi, no kugabanya ingaruka kubidukikije. Mwaramutse, Ndi mwiza, abantu bose ni beza!
Ibipimo byo gusohora amazi mabi yinganda bikubiyemo imyanda ihumanya itandukanye, harimo COD, ibyuma biremereye, BOD, ibimera byahagaritswe, nibindi. Ibipimo byangiza imyanda yinganda zitandukanye nabyo biratandukanye. Ibigo bishobora kwifashisha ibipimo ngenderwaho byangiza imyanda ihumanya ikirere bitangwa na minisiteri y’ibidukikije n’ibidukikije.
Akamaro ko gupima amazi mabi yinganda bigaragarira cyane cyane mubice bikurikira:
1. Kurengera ibidukikije: Gusohora mu buryo butaziguye amazi mabi y’inganda atavuwe bizangiza byinshi ku bidukikije, nko guhumana kw’amazi no kwanduza ubutaka. Mugupima amazi mabi yinganda, urugero rw’umwanda hamwe n’ibigize amazi y’amazi birashobora gukurikiranwa neza, bigatanga ishingiro rya siyansi y’imiyoborere no gukumira.
2. Kurengera ubuzima bwabantu: Amazi mabi yinganda akunze kuba arimo ibintu byangiza kandi byangiza, nkibyuma biremereye hamwe n’imyanda ihumanya. Ibi bintu bibangamira cyane ubuzima bwabantu. Binyuze mu gupima amazi mabi mu nganda, kuba ibyo bintu byangiza no kwibumbira hamwe bishobora gukurikiranwa neza, bigatanga umusingi wo gushyiraho gahunda z’imiyoborere, bityo bikarengera ubuzima bw’abantu.
3. Guteza imbere iterambere rirambye ry’inganda: Hamwe no kongera ubumenyi bw’ibidukikije, ibigo byinshi kandi byinshi byatangiye kwita ku micungire y’ibidukikije. Mugupima amazi mabi yinganda, ibigo birashobora gusobanukirwa n’amazi y’amazi yanduye, bigatanga ubufasha bwa siyansi mu kunoza imikorere no kugabanya umwanda w’ibidukikije, bityo bigateza imbere iterambere rirambye ry’inganda.
Ibikoresho byo gupima amazi mabi yinganda
Ibikoresho byo gupima imyanda harimo cyane cyane ogisijeni ikenerwa (COD), ogisijeni ikomoka ku binyabuzima (BOD), ibinyabuzima byahagaritswe (SS), fosifore yose (TP), azote ya amoniya (NH3-N), azote yose (TN), imyanda, chlorine isigaye, pH nibindi bipimo. Ibi bipimo byerekana umwanda wibintu bitandukanye byamazi y’amazi, nkibintu kama, ibinyabuzima, intungamubiri, nibindi. Mugushakisha no gusesengura ibi bipimo, dushobora kumva urugero nubwoko bw’umwanda w’amazi, kandi tugatanga ishingiro ryubumenyi bwo gutunganya amazi mabi no gusohora .
Uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima amazi mabi yinganda
Uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima amazi mabi yinganda harimo isesengura ryimiti, isesengura ryibinyabuzima nisesengura ryumubiri. Ibiranga nuburyo bukoreshwa murubu buryo bwatangijwe hepfo.
1. Uburyo bwo gusesengura imiti
Isesengura ryimiti nuburyo bukoreshwa cyane mugupima amazi mabi yinganda. Ubu buryo bugena cyane cyane ibikubiye mubintu bitandukanye mumazi yanduye binyuze mumiti ya reaction hamwe nisesengura ryinshi. Uburyo bwo gusesengura imiti burimo titrasiyo, spekitifotometrie, chromatografiya, nibindi. Muri byo, titre ni bumwe muburyo bukoreshwa cyane mu gusesengura imiti, bushobora gukoreshwa kugirango hamenyekane ion yibanze, pH, ibyuma biremereye nibindi bipimo mumazi y’amazi; spectrophotometrie nuburyo bwo kumenya ubunini bwibintu mugupima urugero rwo kwinjiza cyangwa gukwirakwiza urumuri kubintu, kandi akenshi bikoreshwa mukumenya ibipimo nkibintu kama na azote ya amoniya mumazi y’amazi; chromatografiya nuburyo bwo gutandukanya no gusesengura bushobora gukoreshwa kugirango hamenyekane ibinyabuzima, ibintu kama, organic hydrocarbone ya polycyclic aromatic nibindi bintu mumazi mabi.
2. Isesengura ryibinyabuzima
Isesengura rya bioana ni ugukoresha sensibilité y’ibinyabuzima ku bihumanya kugirango hamenyekane ibintu byangiza mu mazi mabi. Ubu buryo bufite ibiranga sensibilité yo hejuru kandi yihariye. Isesengura ryibinyabuzima ririmo gupima ibinyabuzima no gukurikirana ibinyabuzima. Muri byo, kwipimisha ku binyabuzima ni ukumenya ubumara bw’imyanda ihumanya mu mazi y’imyanda hifashishijwe umuco w’ibinyabuzima, kandi akenshi bikoreshwa mu kumenya ibinyabuzima, ibyuma biremereye n’ibindi bintu biri mu mazi y’amazi; gukurikirana ibinyabuzima nuburyo bwo kwerekana umwanda w’ibidukikije ukurikirana ibipimo ngengabuzima na biohimiki y’ibinyabuzima, kandi akenshi bikoreshwa mu gukurikirana ibinyabuzima, ibyuma biremereye n’ibindi bintu biri mu mazi y’amazi.
3. Isesengura ry'umubiri
Isesengura ryumubiri nugukoresha imiterere yumubiri yibintu kugirango umenye ibintu byangiza mumazi mabi. Ubu buryo bworoshye gukora, bwihuse kandi bwuzuye. Uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo gusesengura umubiri burimo uburyo bwihariye bwo gukurura imbaraga, uburyo bwo guhagarika ibintu byahagaritswe nuburyo bwa colimetry. Muri byo, uburyo bwihariye bwo gukurura imbaraga ni ukumenya ibiri mu mazi y’amazi mu gupima ubucucike; uburyo bwo guhagarika ibintu byahagaritswe ni ukumenya ubwiza bwamazi mugupima ibiri mubintu byahagaritswe mumazi mabi; colorimetry ni ukumenya ibirimo ibintu kama, ibyuma biremereye nibindi bintu mugupima ubujyakuzimu bwibara ryamazi.
3. Incamake
Kumenya amazi mabi mu nganda ni imwe mu masano akomeye mu kurengera ibidukikije n’imiyoborere, kandi ni ingenzi cyane kurengera ibidukikije, kurengera ubuzima bw’abantu no guteza imbere iterambere rirambye ry’inganda. Uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo gutahura amazi mabi yinganda harimo isesengura ryimiti, isesengura ryibinyabuzima nisesengura ryumubiri, buri kimwekimwe gifite umwihariko wacyo nuburyo bukoreshwa. Mubikorwa bifatika, birakenewe guhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo gutahura ukurikije ibihe byihariye kugirango tumenye neza ibisubizo byukuri. Muri icyo gihe, ni ngombwa gushimangira ishyirwaho n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ingamba zo gutunganya amazi y’amazi kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka z’amazi mabi ku bidukikije n’ubuzima bw’abantu.
Ni izihe nyungu za spekitifotometrie yo kumenya ubuziranenge bw'amazi?
Kugeza ubu, spekitifotometrie ni bumwe mu buryo bukoreshwa mu gutahura ibikorwa by’amazi meza, cyane cyane mu kugena ingero z’amazi zifite ibintu bike ugereranije, bifite ibyiza byo gukora byoroshye, ubunyangamugayo bukabije hamwe n’ubukangurambaga bukabije. Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwa spekitifotometero, igabanijwemo ibiboneka bigaragara, ultraviolet igaragara ya spekitifotometero hamwe na infragre ya spekitifotoometero ukurikije uburebure bwumurongo wumucyo wakoreshejwe. Spectrophotometry nuburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo gusesengura mugutahura ubuziranenge bwamazi. Ihame ryibanze ryayo ni ukumenya ibikubiye mubintu byateganijwe mugisubizo mugupima urugero rwo kwinjiza igisubizo kumucyo wumurambararo wihariye. Spectrophotometry ifite ibyiza bikurikira:
1. Kumva neza
Spectrophotometry ifite sensibilité yo hejuru yibintu bigenewe kandi irashobora gukora isesengura ryukuri no gupima muburyo buke. Ibi ni ukubera ko iyo urumuri runyuze mu gisubizo, ubukana bwurumuri rwinjizwa nibintu byateganijwe buringaniye nuburinganire bwibintu bigenewe, bityo rero kwibumbira hamwe kwibintu bishobora kugereranywa neza.
2. Umurongo mugari
Spectrophotometrie ifite umurongo mugari kandi irashobora gukora ibipimo nyabyo murwego runini. Ibi bivuze ko spekitifotometometrie ishobora gukoreshwa haba murwego rwo hasi rwibanze hamwe nisesengura ryinshi ryikigereranyo, hamwe nibisabwa kandi byoroshye.
3. Byihuse kandi neza
Ibisubizo by'isesengura birashobora kuboneka mugihe gito. Ugereranije nubundi buryo bwo gusesengura, spekitifotometrie ifite inzira yoroshye yo gukora kandi yihuta yo gusesengura byihuse, ikwiranye na ssenariyo aho ibisubizo bigomba kuboneka vuba.
4. Guhitamo cyane
Spectrophotometrie irashobora kugera kubintu byatoranijwe muguhitamo uburebure bukwiye. Ibintu bitandukanye bifite imiterere itandukanye yo kwinjirira muburebure butandukanye. Muguhitamo uburebure bukwiye, kwivanga mubintu bivanga birashobora kwirindwa kandi guhitamo gupima birashobora kunozwa.
5. Igendanwa nibikorwa nyabyo
Spectrophotometrie irashobora kugera kumurongo byihuse binyuze mumashanyarazi menshi yimiterere yamazi meza, afite uburyo bwiza kandi bukora neza. Ibi bituma spekitifotometrie ikoreshwa cyane mubihe aho ibisubizo bigomba kuboneka vuba, nko gukurikirana ibidukikije mu murima no gukora iperereza ku ihumana ry’amazi.
Lianhua Technology ni uruganda rukora ubushinwa rufite uburambe bwimyaka 42 mugukora ibikoresho byo gupima ubuziranenge bwamazi. Mu 1982, yateje imbere uburyo bwa COD bwihuta bwo gusya bwa spropropotometometrie, bushobora kumenya agaciro nyako ka COD mumazi mabi muminota 20, hamwe na reagent nkeya, imikorere yoroshye kandi yoroshye, kandi irazwi cyane muri laboratoire. Hamwe nubushakashatsi buhoraho hamwe niterambere hamwe no kuzamura, Ubuhanga bwa Lianhua burashobora gutanga ibikoresho bya azote ya amoniya, ibikoresho bya fosifore byose, ibikoresho bya azote byose, ibikoresho bya nitrate / nitrite, ibyuma byahagaritswe, metero zidahungabana, metero zisigaye za chlorine, metero ziremereye, nibindi, kimwe, nkibikoresho bitandukanye bifasha reagent nibikoresho. Ikoranabuhanga rya Lianhua rifite ibicuruzwa byinshi bipima ubuziranenge bwamazi, ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa, na serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha. Murakaza neza kugisha inama!
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-29-2024
