Umwuka wa ogisijeni ukenera nanone kwitwa ogisijeni ikenerwa (okisijeni ya chimique), bita COD. Ni ugukoresha okiside ya chimique (nka potasiyumu permanganate) kugirango okiside kandi ibore ibintu bya okiside mu mazi (nkibintu kama, nitrite, umunyu wa ferrous, sulfide, nibindi), hanyuma ubare ikoreshwa rya ogisijeni ukurikije umubare wibisigisigi. okiside. Kimwe na ogisijeni ikomoka kuri biohimiki (BOD), ni ikimenyetso cyingenzi cyanduza amazi. Igice cya COD ni ppm cyangwa mg / L. Agaciro gake, niko umwanda uhumanya.
Kugabanya ibintu mumazi harimo ibintu kama kama, nitrite, sulfide, umunyu wa ferrous, nibindi ariko icyingenzi nikintu kama. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umwuka wa ogisijeni ukenera (COD) ukoreshwa nk'ikimenyetso cyo gupima ingano y'ibintu kama mu mazi. Iyo ogisijeni ikenewe cyane, niko ihumanya ry’amazi n’ibinyabuzima. Igenamigambi rya ogisijeni ikenerwa (COD) iratandukanye no kugena kugabanya ibintu mubitegererezo byamazi nuburyo bwo kugena. Uburyo bukoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe ni uburyo bwa aside ya potasiyumu permanganate ya okiside hamwe nuburyo bwa okiside ya potasiyumu dichromate. Uburyo bwa potasiyumu permanganate (KMnO4) ifite igipimo gito cya okiside, ariko biroroshye. Irashobora gukoreshwa kugirango hamenyekane agaciro kagereranijwe kagereranijwe kama kama kama namazi meza hamwe nubutaka bwamazi yubutaka. Dichromate ya potasiyumu (K2Cr2O7) ifite umuvuduko mwinshi wa okiside kandi yororoka neza. Birakwiriye kumenya igiteranyo cyibintu kama mubitegererezo byamazi mugukurikirana amazi mabi.
Ibinyabuzima byangiza cyane sisitemu yamazi yinganda. Amazi arimo ibintu byinshi kama azanduza ion yo guhanahana amakuru mugihe anyuze muri sisitemu yo kuyungurura, cyane cyane amavuta yo guhana anion, bizagabanya ubushobozi bwo guhanahana. Ibintu kama birashobora kugabanukaho hafi 50% nyuma yo kwitegura (coagulation, gusobanurwa no kuyungurura), ariko ntibishobora gukurwaho muri sisitemu yo kubogama, kubwibyo rero akenshi bizanwa mubitereko binyuze mumazi yo kugaburira, bigabanya agaciro ka pH kumashanyarazi. amazi. Rimwe na rimwe, ibinyabuzima bishobora no kwinjizwa muri sisitemu ya parike hamwe namazi ya kondegene, bizagabanya pH kandi bitera kwangirika kwa sisitemu. Ibintu byinshi kama kama muri sisitemu yamazi azenguruka bizamura imyororokere ya mikorobe. Kubwibyo, haba kubunyunyu amazi, amazi abira cyangwa sisitemu yamazi azenguruka, munsi ya COD, nibyiza, ariko ntagipimo gihuza imipaka. Iyo COD (uburyo bwa KMnO4)> 5mg / L muri sisitemu y'amazi akonje azenguruka, ubwiza bwamazi bwatangiye kwangirika.
Umwuka wa ogisijeni ukenewe (COD) ni igipimo cyo gupima urugero urugero amazi akungahaye ku binyabuzima, kandi ni kimwe mu bipimo by'ingenzi bipima urugero rw’imyanda ihumanya. Iterambere ry’inganda n’ubwiyongere bw’abaturage, imibiri y’amazi iragenda yandura, kandi iterambere rya COD ryamenyekanye buhoro buhoro.
Inkomoko yo gutahura COD irashobora guhera mu myaka ya za 1850, igihe ibibazo byo guhumanya amazi byari bikurura abantu. Ku ikubitiro, COD yakoreshejwe nk'ikimenyetso cy'ibinyobwa birimo aside kugira ngo ipime ubunini bw'ibinyabuzima mu binyobwa. Ariko, kubera ko uburyo bwuzuye bwo gupima butari bwashyizweho icyo gihe, habaye ikosa rikomeye mubisubizo bya COD.
Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, hamwe n'iterambere ry'uburyo bugezweho bwo gusesengura imiti, uburyo bwo kumenya COD bwagiye buhinduka buhoro buhoro. Mu 1918, umuhanga mu by'imiti w’Abadage Hasse yasobanuye COD nk’ibintu byose kama kama ikoreshwa na okiside mu gisubizo cya aside. Nyuma yaho, yatanze uburyo bushya bwo kugena COD, aribwo gukoresha igisubizo cya chromium dioxyde de vitamine nka okiside. Ubu buryo bushobora guhinduranya neza ibinyabuzima muri dioxyde de carbone n’amazi, kandi bipima ikoreshwa rya okiside mu gisubizo mbere na nyuma ya okiside kugirango hamenyekane agaciro ka COD.
Ariko, ibitagenda neza murubu buryo byagaragaye buhoro buhoro. Ubwa mbere, gutegura no gukora reagent biragoye cyane, byongera ingorane nigihe kinini cyo kugerageza. Icya kabiri, ibisubizo byinshi bya chromium dioxide ibisubizo byangiza ibidukikije kandi ntabwo bifasha mubikorwa bifatika. Kubwibyo, ubushakashatsi bwakurikiyeho bwashakishije buhoro buhoro uburyo bworoshye bwo kumenya COD.
Mu myaka ya za 1950, umuhanga mu bya shimi w’Ubuholandi Friis yahimbye uburyo bushya bwo kumenya COD, bukoresha aside irike cyane ya aside yitwa okiside. Ubu buryo bworoshye gukora kandi bufite ubunyangamugayo buhanitse, butezimbere cyane imikorere ya COD. Nyamara, ikoreshwa rya acide perulfurike naryo rifite ingaruka mbi zumutekano, bityo rero biracyakenewe kwitondera umutekano wibikorwa.
Ibikurikira, hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryikoranabuhanga ryibikoresho, uburyo bwo kugena COD bwagiye buhoro buhoro bwikora kandi bwubwenge. Mu myaka ya za 70, isesengura rya mbere rya COD ryikora ryagaragaye, rishobora gutunganywa byimazeyo no gutahura ibyitegererezo byamazi. Iki gikoresho ntabwo gitezimbere gusa ubunyangamugayo no gushikama kwa COD kugena, ahubwo binatezimbere cyane imikorere myiza.
Hamwe no kongera ubumenyi bwibidukikije no kunoza ibisabwa byubuyobozi, uburyo bwo kumenya COD nabwo burakomeza kunozwa. Mu myaka yashize, iterambere rya tekinoroji y’amashanyarazi, uburyo bw’amashanyarazi n’ikoranabuhanga rya biosensor ryateje imbere udushya tw’ikoranabuhanga rya COD. Kurugero, tekinoroji yamashanyarazi irashobora kumenya ibiri muri COD mubitegererezo byamazi muguhindura ibimenyetso byamashanyarazi, hamwe nigihe gito cyo gutahura nibikorwa byoroshye. Uburyo bwa electrochemicique bukoresha ibyuma bifata amashanyarazi kugirango bipime indangagaciro za COD, ifite ibyiza byo kumva neza, igisubizo cyihuse kandi ntigikenewe reagent. Ikoranabuhanga rya Biosensor rikoresha ibikoresho byibinyabuzima kugirango rumenye neza ibinyabuzima, bitezimbere neza kandi byihariye byo kugena COD.
Uburyo bwo kumenya COD bwanyuze mubikorwa byiterambere kuva mubisesengura ryimiti gakondo kugeza kubikoresho bigezweho, ikoranabuhanga ryamashanyarazi, uburyo bwamashanyarazi nubuhanga bwa biosensor mumyaka mike ishize. Iterambere ry'ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga hamwe no kwiyongera kw'ibisabwa, tekinoroji yo kumenya COD iracyatezwa imbere kandi igashya. Mu bihe biri imbere, birashobora gutegurwa ko mugihe abantu bitaye cyane kubibazo byangiza ibidukikije, tekinoroji yo kumenya COD izatera imbere kandi ibe uburyo bwihuse, bwuzuye kandi bwizewe bwo kumenya neza amazi.
Kugeza ubu, laboratoire ikoresha uburyo bubiri bukurikira kugirango tumenye COD.
1. Uburyo bwo kugena COD
Potasiyumu dichromate uburyo busanzwe, buzwi kandi nkuburyo bwo kugaruka (Igipimo cyigihugu cya Repubulika yUbushinwa)
(I) Ihame
Ongeramo umubare munini wa potasiyumu dichromate na catalizator ya sulfate ya sulfate kurugero rwamazi, ubushyuhe no kugaruka mugihe runaka mugihe gikomeye cya acide, igice cya dichromate ya potasiyumu kigabanywa nibintu bya okiside mu cyitegererezo cyamazi, nibindi bisigaye potasiyumu dichromate yitiriwe ammonium ferrous sulfate. Agaciro COD ibarwa hashingiwe ku mubare wa potasiyumu dichromate yakoreshejwe.
Kuva iki gipimo cyashyizweho mu 1989, hari ibibi byinshi mu kubipima hamwe nubu:
1. Bifata igihe kinini, kandi buri sample igomba guhinduka mumasaha 2;
2. Ibikoresho byo gusubiramo bifata umwanya munini, bigatuma kugena ibyiciro bigorana;
3. Igiciro cyo gusesengura ni kinini, cyane cyane kuri sulfate ya silver;
4. Mugihe cyo kugena, imyanda y'amazi yagarutse iratangaje;
5. Umunyu wa mercure uburozi ukunze kwanduzwa kabiri;
6. Ingano ya reagent ikoreshwa ni nini, kandi ikiguzi cyibikoreshwa ni kinini;
7. Inzira yikizamini iragoye kandi ntabwo ikwiriye kuzamurwa mu ntera.
(II) Ibikoresho
1. 250mL igikoresho cyose cyerekana ibirahure
2. Igikoresho gishyushya (itanura ry'amashanyarazi)
3. 25mL cyangwa 50mL aside burette, flask ya conical, pipette, flask ya volumetric, nibindi.
(III) Reagents
1. Potasiyumu dichromate igisubizo gisanzwe (c1 / 6K2Cr2O7 = 0.2500mol / L)
2. Igisubizo cyerekana ferrocyanate
3. Ammonium ferrous sulfate igisubizo gisanzwe [c (NH4) 2Fe (SO4) 2 · 6H2O≈0.1mol / L] (kalibateri mbere yo kuyikoresha)
4. Umuti wa sulfure-silver sulfate yumuti
Potasiyumu dichromate uburyo busanzwe
(IV) Intambwe zo kumenya
Calibration ya Amonium ferrous sulfate: Mubyukuri pipette 10.00mL ya potasiyumu dichromate yumuti usanzwe mumashanyarazi ya 500mL ya conical, uyungurura hafi 110mL hamwe namazi, ongeramo buhoro buhoro 30mL ya acide sulfurike yibanze, hanyuma unyeganyeze neza. Nyuma yo gukonjesha, ongeramo ibitonyanga 3 byumuti wa ferrocyanate (hafi 0.15mL) hanyuma ushireho umuti wa ammonium ferrous sulfate. Iherezo ni igihe ibara ryigisubizo rihindutse kuva kumuhondo ugahinduka ubururu-icyatsi kibisi gitukura.
(V) Kwiyemeza
Fata 20mL y'icyitegererezo cy'amazi (nibiba ngombwa, fata make hanyuma ushyiremo amazi kuri 20 cyangwa uyungurura mbere yo gufata), ongeramo 10mL ya potasiyumu dichromate, ucomekeshe igikoresho, hanyuma wongeremo 30mL ya acide sulfurike na sulfate ya silver, ubushyuhe no kugaruka kuri 2h . Nyuma yo gukonjesha, kwoza urukuta rwa kondenseri ukoresheje amazi ya 90.00mL hanyuma ukureho flask. Nyuma yumuti wongeye gukonjeshwa, ongeramo ibitonyanga 3 byumuti wa ferrous acide hanyuma witondere hamwe na amonium ferrous sulfate yumuti usanzwe. Ibara ryigisubizo rihinduka kuva kumuhondo ujya mubururu-icyatsi kibisi gitukura, aricyo cyanyuma. Andika ingano ya ammonium ferrous sulfate igisubizo gisanzwe. Mugihe upima icyitegererezo cyamazi, fata 20.00mL yamazi yongeye kugarurwa hanyuma ukore igeragezwa ryubusa ukurikije intambwe imwe ikora. Andika ingano ya amonium ferrous sulfate isanzwe ikoreshwa muri titre yubusa.
Potasiyumu dichromate uburyo busanzwe
(VI) Kubara
CODCr (O2, mg / L) = [8 × 1000 (V0-V1) · C] / V
(VII) Kwirinda
1. Umubare ntarengwa wa chloride ion igizwe na 0.4g sulfate ya mercureque ishobora kugera kuri 40mg. Niba hafashwe urugero rwa 20.00mL, urugero rwa chloride ion ya 2000mg / L irashobora kugorana. Niba intungamubiri za chloride ion ari nke, sulfate nkeya ya mercure irashobora kongerwamo kugirango sulfate ya mercureque: ion ya chloride = 10: 1 (W / W). Niba umubare muto wa chloride ya mercure igwa, ntabwo bigira ingaruka kubyemezo.
2. Urwego rwa COD rwagenwe nubu buryo ni 50-500mg / L. Kuburugero rwamazi hamwe na ogisijeni ya chimique ikenera munsi ya 50mg / L, 0.0250mol / L potassium dichromate igisubizo gikwiye gukoreshwa aho. 0.01mol / L amonium ferrous sulfate igisubizo gikwiye gukoreshwa mugutanga inyito. Kuburugero rwamazi hamwe na COD irenze 500mg / L, uyunguruze mbere yo kugena.
3. Nyuma yicyitegererezo cyamazi gishyushye kandi kigasubirwamo, amafaranga asigaye ya dichromate ya potasiyumu mugisubizo agomba kuba 1 / 5-4 / 5 yumubare wongeyeho.
4. Iyo ukoresheje potasiyumu hydrogen phthalate igisubizo gisanzwe kugirango ugenzure ubuziranenge nigikorwa cya tekinoroji ya reagent, kubera ko CODCr ya theoretical ya buri garama ya potasiyumu hydrogen phthalate ari 1.176g, 0.4251g ya potasiyumu hydrogène phthalate (HOOCC6H4COOK) yashonga mumazi yatunganijwe, yimuriwe kuri flask ya 1000mL ya volumetric, hanyuma akayungurura ku kimenyetso n'amazi yongeye kugarurwa kugirango kibe igisubizo gisanzwe cya 500mg / L CODcr. Tegura shyashya iyo ukoresheje.
5. Igisubizo cya CODCr kigomba kugumana imibare ine yingenzi.
6. Muri buri bushakashatsi, igisubizo cya ammonium ferrous sulfate gikwiye gutangwa, kandi impinduka yibitekerezo igomba kwitabwaho cyane mugihe ubushyuhe bwicyumba buri hejuru. .
7. Icyitegererezo cyamazi kigomba guhora gishya kandi gipimwa vuba bishoboka.
Ibyiza:
Ukuri kwinshi: Guhindura titre ni uburyo bwa COD bwo kugena uburyo. Nyuma yigihe kirekire cyiterambere no kugenzura, ukuri kwayo kwaramenyekanye cyane. Irashobora kwerekana neza neza ibirimo ibintu kama mumazi.
Gukoresha mugari: Ubu buryo burakwiriye kubwoko butandukanye bw'amazi, harimo imyanda myinshi hamwe n’amazi mabi y’amazi mabi.
Ibisobanuro byibikorwa: Hano haribikorwa birambuye nibikorwa, byorohereza abashoramari kumenya no gushyira mubikorwa.
Ibibi:
Gutwara igihe: Guhindura titre mubisanzwe bifata amasaha menshi kugirango urangize kugena icyitegererezo, biragaragara ko bidahuye nibihe ibisubizo bigomba kuboneka vuba.
Gukoresha reagent nyinshi: Ubu buryo busaba gukoresha imiti myinshi yimiti, ntabwo ihenze gusa, ahubwo inangiza ibidukikije kurwego runaka.
Igikorwa gikomeye: Ukoresha agomba kuba afite ubumenyi bwimiti nubuhanga bwo kugerageza, bitabaye ibyo birashobora kugira ingaruka kubisubizo byagenwe.
2. Igogorwa ryihuta ryihuta
(I) Ihame
Icyitegererezo cyongewemo numubare uzwi wa potasiyumu dichromate yumuti, muburyo bukomeye bwa acide sulfurike, hamwe na sulfate ya silver nka catalizator, hanyuma nyuma yo gusya kwubushyuhe bwinshi, agaciro ka COD kagenwa nibikoresho bifotora. Kubera ko ubu buryo bufite igihe gito cyo kugena, umwanda muto wa kabiri, ubwinshi bwa reagent nigiciro gito, laboratoire nyinshi zikoresha ubu buryo. Nyamara, ubu buryo bufite igiciro kinini cyibikoresho nigiciro gito cyo gukoresha, gikwiriye gukoreshwa igihe kirekire cyo gukoresha COD.
(II) Ibikoresho
Ibikoresho byo hanze byakozwe mbere, ariko igiciro kiri hejuru cyane, kandi igihe cyo kugena ni kirekire. Igiciro cya reagent muri rusange ntigishobora kwemerwa kubakoresha, kandi ukuri ntikuri hejuru cyane, kubera ko ibipimo byo kugenzura ibikoresho by’amahanga bitandukanye n’igihugu cyanjye, cyane cyane ko urwego rwo gutunganya amazi n’imicungire y’ibihugu by’amahanga bitandukanye n’ibyanjye igihugu; uburyo bwihuse bwo gusya spekitifotometometrie bushingiye ahanini kuburyo busanzwe bwibikoresho byo murugo. Kugena byihuse uburyo bwa COD nuburyo bwo gutegura ubu buryo. Yahimbwe kuva mu ntangiriro ya za 1980. Nyuma yimyaka irenga 30 yo gusaba, byahindutse igipimo cyinganda zo kurengera ibidukikije. Igikoresho cyo mu gihugu 5B cyakoreshejwe cyane mubushakashatsi bwa siyansi no gukurikirana abayobozi. Ibikoresho byo murugo byakoreshejwe cyane kubera inyungu zabyo hamwe na serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha.
(III) Intambwe zo kumenya
Fata icyitegererezo cya 2,5ml - - ongeramo reagent - - gusya muminota 10 - - gukonja muminota 2 - - gusuka mumasahani yamabara - - ibikoresho byerekana byerekana neza COD yibanze.
(IV) Kwirinda
1. Amazi ya chlorine menshi agomba gukoresha reagent ya chlorine nyinshi.
2. Amazi yimyanda igera kuri 10ml, ariko ni acide cyane kandi igomba gukusanywa no gutunganywa.
3. Menya neza ko hejuru ya cuvette itanga urumuri.
Ibyiza:
Umuvuduko wihuse: Uburyo bwihuse mubisanzwe bifata iminota mike kugeza kuminota irenga icumi kugirango urangize kugena icyitegererezo, kibereye cyane mubihe ibisubizo bigomba kuboneka vuba.
Gukoresha reagent nkeya: Ugereranije nuburyo bwo gutanga titre ya reux, uburyo bwihuse bukoresha imiti mike ya chimique, ifite igiciro gito, kandi ntigira ingaruka nke kubidukikije.
Igikorwa cyoroshye: Intambwe yimikorere yuburyo bwihuse iroroshye, kandi uyikoresha ntabwo akeneye kugira ubumenyi buhanitse bwimiti nubuhanga bwo kugerageza.
Ibibi:
Hasi gahoro gahoro: Kubera ko uburyo bwihuse busanzwe bukoresha uburyo bworoshye bwimiti nuburyo bwo gupima, ubunyangamugayo bwabwo burashobora kuba munsi gato ugereranije nuburyo bwo kwisubiraho.
Ingano ntarengwa yo gukoreshwa: Uburyo bwihuse burakwiriye cyane cyane kugena amazi mabi y’amazi mabi. Ku mazi y’amazi menshi, ibisubizo byayo bishobora kugerwaho cyane.
Ingaruka ziterwa nimbogamizi: Uburyo bwihuse bushobora kubyara amakosa manini mubihe bimwe bidasanzwe, nkigihe hari ibintu bimwe na bimwe bibangamira icyitegererezo cyamazi.
Muncamake, uburyo bwo gusubiramo titre nuburyo bwihuse buriwese afite ibyiza bye nibibi. Nubuhe buryo bwo guhitamo bushingiye kubintu byihariye bikenewe. Mugihe gikenewe cyane kandi kigari gikenewe, titre ya titre irashobora gutoranywa; mugihe ibisubizo byihuse bisabwa cyangwa umubare munini wamazi yatunganijwe, uburyo bwihuse nuburyo bwiza.
Lianhua, nkumushinga wibikoresho byo gupima ubuziranenge bwamazi mumyaka 42, yakoze iminota 20COD yihuta cyane igogoraburyo. Nyuma yumubare munini wigereranya ryikigereranyo, ryashoboye kugera kumakosa ari munsi ya 5%, kandi ifite ibyiza byo gukora byoroshye, ibisubizo byihuse, igiciro gito nigihe gito.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-07-2024
