Guhindagurika ni ingaruka nziza ituruka kumikoranire yumucyo nuduce twahagaritswe mugisubizo, amazi menshi. Ibice byahagaritswe, nk'ibimera, ibumba, algae, ibinyabuzima, n’ibindi binyabuzima bya mikorobe, urumuri rutatana runyura mu cyitegererezo cy’amazi. Gukwirakwiza urumuri nuduce duto twahagaritswe muri iki gisubizo cyamazi bitanga umuvurungano, uranga urwego urumuri rutambamirwa iyo runyuze mumazi. Guhindagurika ntabwo ari indangagaciro yo kuranga mu buryo butaziguye ubunini bwibice byahagaritswe mumazi. Irerekana mu buryo butaziguye ubunini bwibice byahagaritswe binyuze mu gusobanura ingaruka zo gukwirakwiza urumuri rwibice byahagaritswe mugisubizo. Ninshi ubukana bwurumuri rutatanye, niko imivurungano yumuti wamazi.
Uburyo bwo Kumenya Guhindagurika
Guhindagurika ni uburyo bwo kwerekana imiterere ya optique yicyitegererezo cyamazi kandi biterwa no kuba hari ibintu bitangirika mumazi, bitera urumuri gutatana no gukurura aho kunyura mumazi y'amazi kumurongo ugororotse. Nibipimo byerekana imiterere yumubiri wamazi karemano namazi yo kunywa. Ikoreshwa mukugaragaza urugero rwamazi cyangwa ubwinshi bwamazi, kandi nikimwe mubimenyetso byingenzi bipima ibyiza byamazi.
Umuvurungano w’amazi karemano uterwa nibintu byiza byahagaritswe nka sili, ibumba, ibintu byiza kama n’ibinyabuzima, ibinyabuzima bigenda byangirika, hamwe na plankton nizindi mikorobe mu mazi. Ibi bintu byahagaritswe birashobora kwongerera bagiteri na virusi, bityo umuvuduko muke ufasha kwanduza amazi kwica bagiteri na virusi, bikaba bikenewe kugirango umutekano w’amazi utangwe. Kubwibyo, gutanga amazi yibanze hamwe na tekiniki nziza bigomba guharanira gutanga amazi nubushyuhe buke bushoboka. Umuvuduko w'amazi y'uruganda ni muke, ufite akamaro ko kugabanya umunuko nuburyohe bwamazi ya chlorine; nibyiza gukumira ikwirakwizwa rya bagiteri nizindi mikorobe. Kugumana umuvuduko muke muri sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza amazi bifasha ko habaho chlorine isigaye.
Umuvurungano w'amazi ya robine ugomba kugaragarira mubice bitatanye NTU, bitagomba kurenga 3NTU, kandi ntibigomba kurenza 5NTU mubihe bidasanzwe. Imyivumbagatanyo y'amazi menshi atunganijwe nayo ni ngombwa. Ibinyobwa by’ibinyobwa, ibihingwa bitunganya ibiryo, n’ibiti bitunganya amazi bikoresha amazi yo hejuru muri rusange bishingikiriza ku gutembera, gutembera, no kuyungurura kugirango ibicuruzwa bibe byiza.
Biragoye kugira ihuriro hagati yumuvurungano hamwe nubunini bwinshi bwibintu byahagaritswe, kubera ko ingano, imiterere, hamwe nindangagaciro zivunagura ibice nabyo bigira ingaruka kumiterere ya optique yo guhagarikwa. Mugihe cyo gupima akajagari, ibikoresho byose byibirahure bihuye nicyitegererezo bigomba kubikwa ahantu hasukuye. Nyuma yo koza hamwe na acide hydrochloric cyangwa surfactant, kwoza amazi meza hanyuma ukure. Ingero zafashwe mubibindi byikirahure hamwe nabahagarara. Nyuma yo gutoranya, uduce tumwe na tumwe twahagaritswe dushobora kugwa no gukonjesha iyo dushyizwe, kandi ntibishobora kugarurwa nyuma yo gusaza, kandi ibinyabuzima na byo bishobora kwangiza imiterere y’ibikomeye, bityo bigomba gupimwa vuba bishoboka. Niba kubika ari ngombwa, bigomba kwirinda guhura numwuka, kandi bigomba gushyirwa mubyumba bikonje bikonje, ariko ntibirenze 24h. Niba icyitegererezo kibitswe ahantu hakonje, subira mubushyuhe bwicyumba mbere yo gupimwa.
Kugeza ubu, uburyo bukurikira bukoreshwa mu gupima ubwinshi bw’amazi:
. ihererekanyabubasha riri muburyo bwimibanire yumurongo, uko imivurungano irenze, niko urumuri rwohereza. Ariko rero, kubera kwivanga kwumuhondo mumazi karemano, amazi yibiyaga nibigega nabyo arimo ibintu bikurura urumuri kama nka algae, nabyo bibangamira gupima. Hitamo uburebure bwa 680rim kugirango wirinde umuhondo nicyatsi.
. kugena icyitegererezo cyamazi intego yo guhungabana. Iyo urumuri rwibyabaye rutatanye nuduce dufite ubunini buke bwa 1/15 kugeza 1/20 cyuburebure bwumucyo wurumuri rwabaye, ubukana buhuye na formula ya Rayleigh, hamwe nuduce dufite ubunini burenze 1/2 cyuburebure bwumuraba y'ibyabaye urumuri rugaragaza urumuri. Ibi bihe byombi birashobora kugaragazwa na Ir∝D, kandi urumuri kumpande ya dogere 90 rusanzwe rukoreshwa nkurumuri ruranga gupima umuvuduko.
. yerekana urumuri Kandi, gupima ububi bwicyitegererezo. Kuberako ubukana bwurumuri rwanduye kandi rutatanye bipimirwa icyarimwe, rufite sensibilité nyinshi munsi yumucyo umwe.
Muri ubu buryo butatu bwavuzwe haruguru, gukwirakwiza turbidimeter ni byiza, hamwe na sensibilité nyinshi, kandi chromaticité mu cyitegererezo cy’amazi ntabwo ibangamira gupima. Ariko, kubera ubunini bwigikoresho nigiciro kinini, biragoye kubiteza imbere no kubikoresha muri G. Uburyo bwamashusho bugira ingaruka cyane kubintu. G Mubyukuri, gupima imivurungano ahanini ikoresha metero ikwirakwiza. Umuvurungano w’amazi uterwa ahanini nuduce duto nko gutembera mu mazi, kandi ubukana bwurumuri rutatanye ni uruta urumuri rwakiriwe. Kubwibyo, gutatanya metero ya turbidity irumva cyane kuruta metero yoherejwe. Kandi kubera ko gutatanya-ubwoko bwa turbidimeter ikoresha urumuri rwera nkisoko yumucyo, gupima icyitegererezo cyegereye ukuri, ariko chromaticité ibangamira gupima.
Umuvurungano upimwa nuburyo bwo gupima urumuri rutatanye. Ukurikije ISO 7027-1984, metero yubushyuhe yujuje ibisabwa bikurikira irashobora gukoreshwa:
(1) Uburebure bwa λ bw'urumuri rwabaye ni 860nm;
(2) Ibyabaye byerekana umurongo △ λ biri munsi cyangwa bingana na 60nm;
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(5) Inguni ifungura ωθ mumazi ni 20 ° ～ 30 °.
na manda yo gutanga ibisubizo mubisubizo bya formazin
① Iyo imivurungano iri munsi ya 1 ya formazin ikwirakwiza ibice, ni ukuri kuri 0.01 formazin ikwirakwiza ibice;
HenIyo imivurungano ari 1-10 ya formazin ikwirakwiza ibice, ni ukuri kuri 0.1 formazin ikwirakwiza ibice;
③ Iyo imivurungano ari 10-100 ya formazin ikwirakwiza ibice, ni ukuri kuri 1 formazin ikwirakwiza ibice;
④ Iyo imivurungano irenze cyangwa ingana na 100 ya formazin ikwirakwiza ibice, igomba kuba yuzuye kuri 10 ya formazin ikwirakwiza ibice.
1.3.1 Amazi adafite umwanda agomba gukoreshwa mubipimo byamazi cyangwa ingero zamazi. Uburyo bwo gutegura amazi adafite umwanda nuburyo bukurikira: kunyuza amazi yatoboye unyuze muyungurura ya membrane ifite pore ingana na 0.2 mm (akayunguruzo gakoreshwa mugusuzuma bagiteri ntishobora kuzuza ibisabwa), kwoza flask kugirango ikusanyirizwe hamwe namazi yungurujwe byibuze kabiri, hanyuma Ujugunye 200 mL ikurikira. Intego yo gukoresha amazi yatoboye ni ukugabanya ingaruka zibintu kama muma ion-guhanahana amazi meza kubyemezo, no kugabanya imikurire ya bagiteri mumazi meza.
1.3.2 Hydrazine sulfate na hexamethylenetetramine birashobora gushirwa muri silic gel desiccator ijoro ryose mbere yo gupima.
1.3.3 Iyo ubushyuhe bwa reaction buri mubipimo bya 12-37 ° C, nta ngaruka zigaragara kubyara kubyara (formazin), kandi nta polymer ibaho mugihe ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 5 ° C. Kubwibyo, gutegura formazin turbidity isanzwe yibisubizo birashobora gukorwa mubushyuhe busanzwe bwicyumba. Ariko ubushyuhe bwa reaction buri hasi, guhagarikwa byinjizwa byoroshye nibikoresho byibirahure, kandi ubushyuhe buri hejuru cyane, bushobora gutuma agaciro gasanzwe k’umuvuduko mwinshi ugabanuka. Kubwibyo, ubushyuhe bwo gukora bwa formazin bugenzurwa neza kuri 25 ± 3 ° C. Igihe cyo gufata hydrazine sulfate na hexamethylenetetramine cyarangiye hafi yamasaha 16, kandi ubudahangarwa bwibicuruzwa bwageze kuri byinshi nyuma yamasaha 24 yo kubyitwaramo, kandi nta tandukaniro ryari hagati yamasaha 24 na 96. i
1.3.4 Kugirango habeho formazin, mugihe pH yumuti wamazi ari 5.3-5.4, ibice bifite ishusho yimpeta, nziza kandi imwe; iyo pH igera kuri 6.0, ibice nibyiza kandi byuzuye muburyo bwindabyo nurubingo; Iyo pH ari 6,6, binini, bito na bito bito bisa nkibarafu.
1.3.5 Igisubizo gisanzwe gifite umuvuduko wa dogere 400 kirashobora kubikwa ukwezi kumwe (ndetse nigice cyumwaka muri firigo), kandi igisubizo gisanzwe gifite umuvuduko wa dogere 5-100 ntikizahinduka mugihe cyicyumweru.
Igihe cyoherejwe: Nyakanga-19-2023
